Social Commentary on Love and Marriage in Pride and...

Pride and Prejudice Love and Marriage Jane Austen shows the readers within the first sentence what the plot and main theme of Pride and Prejudice is and what social ideas she plans on presenting through this novel. The first sentence of Pride and Prejudice stands as one of the most famous introductory lines in literature. It states, â€Å"it is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife† (Austen 5). This statement puts the novel in motion by showing that the novel will deal with the pursuit of single wealthy men by various female characters. By stating this, Austen reveals that the reverse is also true in the nineteenth century English society, which is that single women of†¦show more content†¦Their limited education consisted of needlework, fine handwriting, singing, dancing, playing piano, and reading (3). Marriage at this time was the only thing that could give a woman any sense of security. If their fathers were to die, it was custom that only the eldest son could inherit the money and property. Unfortunately, if the family did not have a male son the land would be given to the closet male relative, which left the women in a very delicate position. Austen show’s readers this aspect of her society by having the Bennet sisters in the same situation. Without a male sibling their land and home will be entailed to a Mr. Collins. If Mr. Bennet were to die, his five daughters and his wife would be left homeless or at the charity of others because Mr. Collins would not have it in his heart to let them reside in the house with him. Their only way to escape this fate would be to get married. However, there was many obstacles that middle class young women had to deal with that kept young suitors uninterested. One was their social station. The society of this time was so stratified that even one class could be broken down into more distinctions of rank (2). The people did not often marry outside of their social rank, which left middle class women with middle class men. Unfortunately, money also played a big part in the determination of whetherShow MoreRelatedComparison Of Jane Eyre And Pride And Prejudice 2081 Words   |  9 Pages10/30/2017 Compare and Contrast the Social Caste System and Personal Ideations in the books â€Å"Jane Eyre† by Emily Bronte and â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† by Jane Austin Two names that ran the gauntlet of 19th century romance and changed the way on how it was written and depicted forever. These two history changing authors names were Jane Austen and Emily Bronte. Two well-known novels of the 19th century (â€Å"Jane Eyre† by Emily Bronte and â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† by Jane Austin) both have similarities, but alsoRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice Essay1756 Words   |  8 Pages Jane Austen’s novels have inspired many into creating sequels, prequels, retellings, and spin-offs, and then in turn producing TV shows, films, etc. She is an â€Å"innovator who has trimmed away the flab of form†¦ to cause verbiage in others† (Lynch, â€Å"Sequels† 160). Austen is best known for her merit in writing social commentary to bridge the gap between romance and realism. This essay will use Lost in Austen, an adaptation of Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, in order to address both radical and conservativeRead Mor eMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesHarley-Davidson, Maytag, DaimlerChrysler, Firestone/Ford, Dell, Hewlett-Packard, Nike, Coke/Pepsi, Starbucks, McDonald’s Customer Relations Newell Rubbermaid, Vanguard, Maytag, Harley, Merck, Firestone/Ford, Starbucks, United Way, Nike, MetLife Social and Ethical Starbucks, Merck, Firestone/Ford, United Way, MetLife Outsourcing Boeing/Airbus, Maytag, Nike, Dell Preface †¢ v TARGETED COURSES As a supplemental text, this book can be used in a variety of undergraduate and graduateRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesManagement Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology 14 †¢ Social Psychology 14 †¢ Sociology 14 †¢ Anthropology 14 There Are Few Absolutes in OB 14 Challenges and Opportunities for OB 15 Responding to Economic Pressures 15 †¢ Responding to Globalization 16 †¢ Managing Workforce Diversity 18 †¢ Improving Customer Service

The Effects Of Exposure On Persons With Social Anxiety...

Finally, a summary of meta-analytic reports by Rodebaugh, Holaway, Heimberg (2004) had a notable post- treatment effect in persons with social anxiety disorder: with effects ranging from moderate to large. These effects were larger in within-group interventions than in waiting-list interventions, and follow up studies done up to 12 months after treatment showed a retention of these effects. Generally, the use of cognitive restructuring and exposure was shown to have better results than the use of other interventions, and their combinations with cognitive restructuring. However, Rodebaugh reported that this difference was insignificant, with the insignificance being attributed to a small number of existing comparisons. In addition, the use of exposure alone and a combination of exposure and cognitive restructuring yielded similar results. Basing this observation, and on the findings from other interventions, it seems that exposure to stressors yields the best results. However, it is not clear whether such benefits are obtained from within- session exposure or from homework exposure. By conducting an empirical review on previously published findings, the researcher intends to find out whether the currently used methods are effective, and possibly introduce a new concept/ argument to the current existing discussion. Analysis of Methodology This empirical review focused on four English-language articles, which contained literature on the effectiveness of using cognitiveShow MoreRelatedEssay on Social Phobia Disorder1149 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Phobia Social phobia is a kind of disorder, which involves fear regarding societal situations and accomplishable destructive criticism. Social phobia is the greatest general psychiatric problem in epidemiological examination, with estimation of life time occurrence in western circle as more as 16%. Common phobia generally come out in adolescence and is associated with deep distress, destruction and comorbid problem. Females in clinical trials are higher possible than males to social anxietyRead MoreEssay on Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)1308 Words   |  6 PagesSocial anxiety disorder (social phobia) can be described as an extreme, persistent fear of being scrutinized or judged by others in social situations. This fear may lead to feelings of embarrassment, humiliation and self-consciousness. People who suffer from this condition may â€Å"feel powerless against their anxiety† (ADAA). These emotions often interfere with daily activities, such as school, work and personal relationsh ips. The person might begin to withdraw socially or avoid situations in whichRead MoreWhy Psychology Is The Anxiety Disorder Essay1205 Words   |  5 PagesWhen most people think of psychology they think of therapists and psychological disorders but it’s not, Psychology is much more. Psychology is a rigorous science that’s based on methodical observation and laboratory studies. Which also includes the knowledge in various fields, including problems of treatment of mental illnesses. The four main Psychological concepts that applies to the life of a TV/ Radio Host is Anxiety, Stress, Burnout and Coping. In today’s age of technology there are several avenuesRead MoreSocial Anxiety : A Mental Health Problem1636 Words   |  7 Pages Have you ever felt like you are overly nervous in social situations? Well if so, then you might have a mental disorder called social anxiety. Social anxiety could almost be a thing of the past unless a person chooses not to get treat ment for it. There are many different treatments and skills to help reduce social anxiety by a ton. Social anxiety should not stop anybody from doing the things they love. So many other people have this disorder and do not want to get help because they do not want toRead MoreSocial Anxiety Disorder And Social Depression1147 Words   |  5 PagesMay 29, 2013 Social Anxiety Disorder One of the most common mental disorders in the United States that goes unseen is social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia. Many times parents tend to mistake it for pure shyness. If gone uncured it may cause children, young adults, and adults to not be able to participate in social activities. Even though there is a great diversity in all people when it comes to their personalities the quitter people tend to develop social anxiety due to how societyRead MoreThe Darcy Is A Man Of Good Standing1514 Words   |  7 Pagesopinion and implicit trust in Mr. Darcy, which many believe says much about Mr. Darcy’s true character (Austen, 2006). Darcy is perfectly comfortable when at home at Pemberley or with people he knows and loves, but his temperament in social settings shows a whole different person. Mr. Darcy joined Mr. Bingley and his two sisters in Meryton. It is here that he began to become more aware and uncomfortable with how he presents himself in public. His reputation among those who do not know him well is very differentRead MorePanic Disorder And Anxiety Disorder1674 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Torpy (2011), Panic Disorder refers to an overwhelming fear, terror, or fright that is usually referred to as panic, one that happens to an individual several times in his or her life. She goes on to describe panic as a situation that is short-lived and frequently related to a terrifying event that happens in an individual’s life. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to provide a detailed discussion that shows a definitive picture of panic disorder. In order to enhance one’s understandingRead MoreResearch Based Interventions Paper1727 Words   |  7 PagesIntervention on Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder Erica Mariscal Vigil PSYCH 650 Dr. Harry Beaman 05/25/15 Research- Based Intervention on Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder According to Butcher, Mineka, and Hooley (2013), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), is a â€Å"disorder that occurs following an extreme traumatic event, in which a person re-experiences the event, avoids reminders of the trauma, and exhibits persistent increased arousal†. An example may be, a person who observed or experienced somethingRead MoreSocial Anxiety Disorder ( Adhd )1189 Words   |  5 Pages Social Anxiety Disorder Aloof, shy and interested are just some of the words to describe how some people perceive someone with social anxiety disorder. Approximately seven percent of adults in the United States deal with it. Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, is a disorder where a person has an intense fear of a public or social situation. It first appears with a median onset age of 13, however it starts to show about 75% of the time between the ages of 8 and 15. The DSMRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Dissorder Essay1155 Words   |  5 PagesStress Disorder, abbreviated as PTSD is an anxiety disorder that disrupts an individual’s memory, emotions, intellect as well as nervous response usually as a result of an extremely frightening, life threatening traumatic experience on oneself or another person usually. The experience may be harming physically or psychologically causing an interference with ones ability to cope with experiences that resemble the original trauma. The major symptoms characterizing PTSD include; anxiety and extreme

The Millers Prologue And Tale Analysis English Literature Essay Free Essays

Geoffrey Chaucer was a mediaeval author and regarded as the greatest of Middle English authors. Born in London, Chaucer was the boy of a affluent merchandiser who sent him to be trained at a baronial family. There he was educated and began to take journeys along with the male monarch for concern. We will write a custom essay sample on The Millers Prologue And Tale Analysis English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chaucer was a really busy man of affairs, and in his trim clip he would compose. He wrote The Canterbury Tales, during the fourteenth-century, a fabliau, which was about a group of people stating their narratives on a pilgrim’s journey to the Canterbury Cathedral. The Miller ‘s tale mirrors today ‘s stand-up comedy modus operandis as evident in the Miller ‘s usage of timing, sarcasm, and personal narratives to state his narrative. † A TheA Millers Tale started by speech production of John, a carpenter, and an older gentleman, and his immature married woman, Alison, an 18 twelvemonth old adolescent. He loved her more than he loved himself. John was described as being covetous, because of her age, thereby maintaining her caged. In actuality, he was good hearted and really naA?ve. He was a typical older adult male that merely wanted to work hard and love his married woman. Alison was described as â€Å" wild and immature, with a slender, graceful organic structure † . Today there are older work forces that marry younger adult females, but normally non at such a immature age. John loved his married woman more than himself and most work forces today, who are attracted to immature adult females, are really in love and naA?ve every bit good. Alison was in love with a immature adult male that happened to be her and her hubby ‘s roomie. She was n’t in love with John, yet she knew that he would make anyt hing for her. At such a immature age, it sounds like she wanted what adult females in today ‘s society, would name a â€Å" sugar dada † , person to give her nutrient, shelter, money and demo her echt love. Nicholas was a clerk, and he was besides John and Alison ‘s roomie. He was immature, wild and a con-artist. He was besides, in love with Alison. Although he ne’er truly described her as did the other characters, the Miller made it evident of his fondness for her. His function in today ‘s society could be compared to a wild college pupil at an Ivy League university. He did n’t mind a challenge and finally played the biggest function in the Tale because he plotted a fast one in order to pass clip with the adult female that he loved. He could read people good because he conjured up a program that worked ab initio, to flim-flam John so that he could pass the dark with Alison. He pretended that something was incorrect with him and being naA?ve, John believed him. He spoke about a major inundation and had John hanging bathing tubs. They all got in the bath until John had fallen asleep in the bath, so Alison and Nicholas snuck off to be together. While I do nâ€⠄¢t cognize anyone in today ‘s society that would travel this far, the play with Nicholas and Alison reminded me of a daytime soap opera sing they would crouch so low as to do up this narrative, and prosecute sexual brushs in Alison ‘s hubbies sleeping room. The last character in the narrative, Absolom, was besides a clerk and in love with Alison. Absolom was â€Å" reasonably and homosexual † , and day-dreamed about Alison. He described her as â€Å" spare, and so sweetly lecherous † . Like John, he was infatuated by Alison. Alison mentioned that â€Å" Absolom is populating in a bubble. He has nil but a laugh for all his problem. † It appeared that he did n’t hold a hint about adult females and had ne’er dated before, but was happy merely being allowed to talk to Alison and lavish her with vocals, money and gifts. Today, there are many immature work forces like Absolom, who in secret loves a beautiful adult female but think they have no existent opportunity on holding her so, settle on woolgathering alternatively. The sarcasm of this character is that he was so clueless that he ended up blowing the screen of Nicholas and Alison ‘s love matter by firing Nicholas ‘s butt. I would state that things like this as it relates to today ‘s society, happens when there is a sloppy deceiver, sloppy things come to visible radiation! Although there was no moral to the narrative, throughout the narrative, each character could be compared to in some facet, with people in today ‘s society. I believe the writer ran across aliens during his travel, and to maintain himself entertained, found ways to compose about these different people and utilize it for his ain ego pleasance. Possibly his occupation was so serious that he had to do visible radiation of any given state of affairs. The writer could hold really good encountered most of these people throughout his life. We will ne’er cognize what his logical thinking was, but it ‘s astonishing to see that people today are still like they were in some facet to the people in the in-between ages. The writer used timing, sarcasm, and personal narratives to maintain people interested, yet it is so closely related to today ‘s society. How to cite The Millers Prologue And Tale Analysis English Literature Essay, Essay examples

Commercial and Company Law

Questions: 1. Denise and Freda operate a busy caf in Melbournes inner east. They have been running the business together for 5 years and share profits equally. As the years progress, Denise and Freda notice that they do not have enough working capital to keep the caf running. Denise and Freda need to raise additional funds. Also, due to the slippery floors, there have been some customers that keep falling over and breaking their legs. Denise is really concerned about the liability for Denise and Freda. Denise and Freda are approached by Bruno who makes the best cakes in Melbourne. Bruno wants to work with Denise and Freda in the caf as the head pastry chef. Denise and Freda believe that if Bruno worked at the caf then his expertise in cake making will bring in more business for the caf. Denise and Freda come to visit your office and ask your legal advice to: a. What type of legal business structure is Denise and Freda currently operating? Provides reasons. b.Whether their current business structure is the most suitable for the caf or whether they should consider another form of business structure, and, if so, which one? 2. The board of The Best Coffee Ltd (TBC Ltd), a large coffee bean company listed on the Australian Stock Exchange, comprised of four directors, three of whom are executive directors and one of whom is a non-executive director: Brendan is the managing director of TBC Ltd. He has been on the board of TBC Ltd for several years. Stephen is a chartered accountant and is the Chief Financial Officer at TBC Ltd and is an executive director of TBC Ltd. David is an executive director of the board who has substantial experience in the coffee bean industry. Jane is a non-executive director who barely attends board meetings and is a hairdresser. The board of TBC Ltd has recently entered into a number of investments, including a new coffee bean factory, and some investments which have been losing large sums of money. At a board meeting in March 2016, the board considered the companys financial statements relating to the loss making investments. The financial statements were negligently prepared and showed a profit instead of a loss. These financial statements were prepared by Stephen. During the board meeting, Stephen failed to tell the directors about the loss and David failed to ask any questions about the financial statements, and Jane (as per usual) was absent from the meeting. Due to time constraints, Brendan failed to read the financial statements, believing that Stephen would discuss the statements with him if there were any important matters that required his attention. The board of directors do not identify the mistake and authorise further investment in the loss making business ventures. By May 2016, TBC Ltd is insolvent. Discuss any liability of the directors of Alex Ltd in relation to these events. What are the consequences, if any of a breach of the Corporations Act? Refer to relevant legislative provisions and case law in your answer. 3. Rick purchased two shares in Shoes R Us Pty Ltd for $50,000. Shoes R Us Pty Ltd makes and builds customised shoes which they manufacture and sell to retail stores. Rick, now a non-executive director of Shoes R Us, is unhappy with the state of affairs of the company. The following occurred: Shoes R Us Pty Ltd revenue has increased 300% Rick has received no dividends to date and Rachel and Tanya, the two executive directors of Shoes R Us Pty Ltd, have decided to pay no dividends this year. Rachel and Tanya have voted themselves a large pay rise and bonus. Rachel and Tanya have arranged for Shoes R Us Pty Ltd, to lease two expensive cars for their exclusive use. Rick attends his first directors meeting and questions the dividend policy and asks that he objection to the lease of the cars be recorded. Tanya and Rachel decide to remove Rick from the board. They hold a members meeting and remove Rick from the board. Advise Rick as to his rights as a shareholder/member. Answers: (1). a). Demise and Freda operated a busy caf in Melbourne. They have been running the business together for 5 years and have shared the profits of the business equally. In the recent years, they have noted a downfall in their business and have realized they lack in capital for the safe running of their business. Demise was worried about the business capital of his caf and wanted to expand the running business of his caf. Bruno approached Demise and Freda and wanted to work in their caf as the head pastry chef. Demise and Freda believe that if they work with Bruno they might be able to make their business profitable and successful. Based on the facts, the question that arises here is what type of legal business structure does Denise and Freda is currently opening? Before operating a business, it is important for individuals to consider the advantages and disadvantages of the business structures. It is important for people to understand the different kinds of businesses that are operating in Australia and to make use of the best of them. The most common type of business structures are: Company Sole Trader Partnership Trust Denise and Freda are currently operating a partnership firm. In this kind of association, people come together to carry on a business as partners and receive the income from their business jointly[1]. An association of partnership is cheap to set up and easy to operate. In a partnership firm, the management and control of the business is shared between the partners of the firm. The partners are held liable for the debts and obligations of the business. For a business to be executed as partnership business the names of the partners should be registered under the ASIC. It is better to keep a partnership business as formal; however, this may not be necessary[2]. b). A partnership business is when; two or more persons come together with the purpose of, doing business together and to obtain profit out of the given structure. The partners of a given firm have similar goals and they come together to ensure that the aims and objectives of the business are met. In the same way, Denise and Freda are also doing a partnership business. In most cases, a partnership business is considered as the best kind of business and it has the best kind of features that are associated with it. A partnership business is generally of two types, a partners limited by liabilities and a partnership that is not limited by liabilities[3]. A partnership that is limited with liabilities is one of the best kinds of legal business structure[4]. Keeping in mind the current scenario of Denise and Freda, the best kind of business structure that should be followed by them is partnership that is limited by liabilities[5]. A partnership that is limited by liabilities is generally a type of structure wherein the partners come together to conduct a business and have their own personal liability that is restricted to the type of investment they have incurred in their business structure. They are therefore, liable only for the part they have invested their money. Initially, Denise and Freda were a part of a general partnership business where they were equally liable for the management of the business and both of them did not have any restraints as far as the obligations were concerned. A partnership firm that is limited by liability has many advantages over all other kind of business structure, first this kind of liability is capped, meaning that the liabilities of each of the partners are restricted to the amount of they have invest ed in their business. Secondly, none of the partners have any personal liability; they are restrained to the companys liability. A partnership that is limited by liability provides protection to the assets of the shareholders. The shareholders before investing their money have an assurance that their personal assets are safe and secure. Additionally, the benefit of a company that is limited by liability is that there are associated tax benefits. The benefit is that the company as a whole does not have to file taxes; in fact, the partners depending on their liability are liable for the payment of their taxes. The flexibility of a firm that is limited with liability is one of the most defining characteristic of this kind of firm. The partners in this kind of firm have the ability to decide the amount of contribution they want to make as a partner in the business. The partners in the business are under no obligation to attend meetings or consultations. Hence, this is the best kind of b usiness structure that shall be suited for Denise and Fredas business. It will help them in making their business profitable and successful[6]. (2). Issue: The Best Coffee Bean Ltd is a larger coffee bean company and is listed in the Australian Stock Exchange. The Board of Directors consisted of four directors out of which three were executive directors and one of them was a non-executive director. The company had recently entered into a many investments and it was noted that some of the investments have been losing large sums of money. At a board meeting in March 2016, the board considered the companys financial statements relating to the loss making investments. The financial statements of the company were prepared in a very negligent manner and it reported false details of the companys investment. Instead of focusing on the loss of the company, the company proceeded with further investments making more loss, which made the company insolvent. Based on the facts, the issue that arises here is, whether the directors and the chief financial officer were liable for the insolvency of the company or not. Relevant Rules and Legislations: The directors are the people who manage the working of the company in behalf of the shareholders of the company. Section 198 (A) of the Corporations Act states that it is the responsibility of the director to manage and control the general working of the organization. The directors shall be responsible for the carrying out of certain responsibilities and duties. The duties of the directors are contained in the Corporations Act, 2001[7]. The term director has been defined under section 9 of the Corporations Act, 2001. The terms such as de facto director and shadow director is contained in this section. The non- executive directors are considered as good as the other directors of the company[8]. The non-executive directors of the company govern the organization along with the other directors of the company. The executive as well as the non-executive directors of the company have similar requirements that should be met as part of the Corporations Act, 2001[9]. As per the Higgs Review of the United Kingdom non-executive directors mean, Custodians of the governance process. Sections 180 to 183 of the Corporations Act, 2001, deals with the duties of the directors. According to section 180 of the Corporations Act, it is the duty of the director to act with care and diligence concerning the duties of the directors[10]. This means that at the time of discharging their duties the directors should exercise their basic sense of care and diligence. Section 181 of the Corporations Act talks about the director acting in good faith, this means that the director of the company should exercise their duties in such a way that it avoids conflicts of interest between the members of the company. Furthermore, the directors of the company, in case of any conflicts, should be able to manage the conflicts in an efficient and effective way. This is the fiduciary duty of the director that is considered as part of their duty imposed by legislation and general law of the company[11]. Sectio n 182 of the Corporations Act imposes restrictions on the directors for the misuse of their position. The director should not take undue advantage of their position and should not use it for their personal gain or power of interests. It is the duty of the director to use his powers in such a way, which does not cause detriment to the working of the company. It is the duty of the director to use the given information in a proper way and not to use any information for his or her personal advantage or for the detriment to the working of the company[12]. This is enumerated in section 183 of the Corporations Act, 2001. Other than the statutory obligations, that governs the working of the director, the directors are also bound by the Federal or State laws which imposes liability on the directors for the health and occupational safety of the employees or members of the company or laws that are related to the environmental law or taxation law of the given country. The directors of a company have special duties at a time when a company is declared insolvent. Section 588G of the Corporations Act, 2001 imposes obligations on the directors of the company to prevent a company from becoming insolvent. A company is declared as insolvent when the it is unable to pay debts or falls in a situation where there is a likelihood that the company shall not pay its debts. Section 588M of the Corporations Act, 2001 entitles a creditor to hold a director responsible if the company has been declared insolvent due to breach of the duties of the director. In the case of New South Wales in International Greetings UK Ltd v. Stansfield[13], the Court held that when the Company wants to be reinstated then the procedure for the final winding of the company should not have been completed. If the liquidator has completed the process of winding up of the company then the company cannot be registered again. Additionally, the directors of the company also have obligations related to the financial r eporting of the company. The Chartered Accountant of the company prepares the financial reports of the company that is checked by the directors of the company. It is the duty of the director to have appropriate skill, competence for checking that the financial reports of the company is properly stated, and that it does not contain any faulty or wrong statements. Section 295A of the Corporations Act, 2001, deals with the declaration that is given by the CEO and the CFO of the Company. The directors have to ensure that such a declaration does not contain any faulty or wrong statement and that the statements are true with regard to the reports of the company. This is a very essential process in a company as, if a report is wrongly stated that the company might be declared as insolvent[14]. Application: In the given scenario, Brendan, Stephen, David and Jane shall be liable for breach of duty as a director under the Corporations Act. The negligent and the careless attitude of all the directors have led to the insolvency of the company and the creditors and the stakeholders of the company can hold the directors of the company liable for breach of the general duties and breach of their duties concerning the proper reporting of the financial statements of the company. Stephen can be held liable under Section 295A of the Corporations Act, 2001 for preparing the financial reports in a negligent manner. Jane can be held liable under sections 180 to 183 of the Corporations Act, 2001 for not complying with the general duties and not taking interest in the general working of the business TBC. He may also be held liable for the breach of fiduciary duties as a director. Brendan shall also be held liable for breaching his general duties, as he did not recheck the financial statements of the com pany correctly and because of this, the company was declared as insolvent[15]. Conclusion: In case of breach of duties of the directors, the following remedies may be available to the person who suffered loss or damage due to the breach of the duties of the directors; they are as follows: Injunction Damages or compensation Restoration of the property of the company Rescission of contract Accounts of profit[16] Therefore, the creditors may file a suit against the directors of the company for any of the above-mentioned remedies. (3). Issue: Rick has purchased two shares in Shoes R Us Pty Ltd for $50,000. Rick is a non-executive director; however, he is unhappy with the current affairs of the company. Rick has received no dividends this year and Rachael and Tanya have decided that they would not pay the dividends to the shareholders this year. It was noted that Rachael and Tanya were making use of the benefits of the company for their personal use and they were continuously breaching their rights as a director. Based on the facts, the issue that arises here is, whether Rick has any rights as a shareholder against the directors of the company. Relevant Rules and Procedure: Section 1.5.6 of the Corporations Act, 2001, deals with the shares and shareholders of the company[17]. A shareholder of the company has many rights and powers in a company related to the exchange in the company. A shareholder is considered as a part owner of the company. A shareholder is considered as a legal entity of the company. Companies should have at least one shareholder in the company and they have the right to hold up to fifty shares in the company. The general rule is that, because of the investment that a shareholder holds in a company they receive equivalent rights in the company[18]. Generally, many companies have one only one class of share but in Australia a shareholder can hold many other classes of share. A shareholder enjoys the following rights in the company: firstly, the shareholder of the company has voting rights on specific issues such as election of a director or dismissal of the director (sections250E, 254A--254B)[19]. Secondly, shareholders have the right to transfer their ownership to some other person. However, a restriction is imposed in such a situation. The shareholders of the company have the right to receive reports and announcements. The shareholders of the company have the right to receive dividends and other distribution (sections1091D--1091E)[20]. A company is entitled to pay dividend twice a year and shareholdings come with franking credits. Shareholders of the company are entitled to receive dividends from the company. This is a very important right of the shareholder and they are entitled to receive it after it from the company. Part 2F. 1A of the Act has given the right to the shareholders to bring an action against the directors or against the company[21]. Application: In this case, Rick can hold the directors liable for breaching their general duties under sections 180 until 183 of the Act. An action may be brought by the shareholder against the directors for the breach of their duty or the shareholders against the company for claiming the compensation that they are liable to receive may bring an action. In the same way, Rick as a legal shareholder of the company may bring an action against the directors of Shoes R Us Pty Ltd. Additionally, Rick may also file a suit against the director for injunction, compensation or rescission of the shareholders right. Conclusion: The rights and powers of the shareholders of the company are related to the voice they have in the running of the company. However, the rights of the shareholder differ from one company to the other company and depends to the class of shares that each of the shareholders hold. There are related differences depending on the percentage of shares they hold in the company[22]. However, this does not make the shareholders devoid of their rights and in case of oppression; they may make the directors or the company liable for their actions. References: Ball, Jane. "The Interaction Between Company Law and the Law of Succession in England."Company Law and the Law of Succession. Springer International Publishing, 2015. 171-195. Blauberger, Michael, and Rike U. Krmer. "Europeanisation with many unknowns: national company law reforms after Centros."West European Politics37.4 (2014): 786-804. Cavitch, Zolman.Business Trusts. Vol. 2. Business Organizations with Tax Planning, 2015. Ciocca, P. "Notes on firms, banks and company law."PSL Quarterly Review50.200 (2014). Collison, David, et al. "Financialization and company law: A study of the UK Company Law Review."Critical Perspectives on Accounting25.1 (2014): 5-16. Feng, Chuan, Leyton P. Nelson, and Thomas W. Simon. "Commercial and Company Law."Chinas Changing Legal System. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. 141-155. Fleischer, Holger, Jesper Lau Hansen, and Wolf-Georg Ringe. "German and Nordic Perspectives on Company Law and Capital Markets Law."German and Nordic Perspectives on Company Law and Capital Markets Law. Mohr Siebeck, 2015. French, Derek, Stephen Mayson, and Christopher L. Ryan.Mayson, French and Ryan on Company Law. Oxford University Press, USA, 2014. Goulding, Simon.Principles of company law. Routledge, 2013. Hannigan, Brenda.Company law. Oxford University Press, USA, 2015. Hawes, Colin, Alex Kun-Luen Lau, and Angus Young. "Introducing the One-Yuan Chinese Company: Impacts of the 2014 PRC Company Law Amendments on Shareholder Liability and Creditor Protection."Available at SSRN 2547551(2015). Kershaw, David.Company law in context: Text and materials. Oxford University Press, 2012. Kosmin, Q. C., and Catherine Roberts.Company Meetings and Resolutions: Law, Practice, and Procedure. Oxford University Press, 2013. Koutsias, Marios. "The Insolvency Regulation and the Centre of Main Interest in the European Union: Are They Victims of the Company Law Conflicts within the Union?."European Company Law12.5 (2015): 223-233. McQueen, Rob.A Social History of Company Law: Great Britain and the Australian Colonies 18541920. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2013. Moisan, Matthew J. "Look at the Publication Requirement in New York Limited Liability Company Law, A."Touro L. Rev.31 (2014): 465. Nobes, C. W. "Harmonization of accounting within the European communities: The fourth directive on company law."International Accounting and Transnational Decisions(2014): 111. Sealy, Len, and Sarah Worthington.Sealy Worthington's Cases and Materials in Company Law. Oxford University Press, 2013. Shepherd, Chris, and Ann Ridley.Company Law. Routledge, 2015. Siems, Mathias, and David Cabrelli, eds.Comparative Company Law: A Case-based Approach. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013. Singh, Avtar. "Company law." (2015). Stamp, Mark.Practice Notes on Private Company Law. Routledge, 2013. Talbot, Lorraine. "Trying to save the world with company law? Some problems."Legal Studies(2016). Tribe, John. "Tolley's Company Law and Insolvency Newsletter." (2014). Vogelaar, Floris OW, and Martin G. Chester.Company Law: A Comparative Review. No. 178. Springer, 2013. Wang, M. J., and C. Y. Hsiao. "The Study of Three Capital Reduction Mechanisms under the Company Law and Securities Exchange Law."Journal of Accounting Review57 (2013): 1-32.

Tess Durbeyfield, Guilty Or Not Guilty Essays - Lost Films

Tess Durbeyfield, Guilty Or Not Guilty Grant Gardner- [emailprotected] CP English IV January 11, 1998 Tess Durbeyfield, Guilty or not Guilty In the book Tess of the D'Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy, Tess Durbeyfield suffers a great deal of tribulation in her tragic life. Although her life is filled with misfortune, she is not responsible for these tragic events. One of the first tragedies in Tess' life, that seems to lead to all the others, is when she falls asleep as she is taking a load of bees to the market and accidentally kills the horse. This is not Tess' fault. In the first place, it wasn't her responsibility to take to bees to the market. It was the responsibility of her drunken father. If anyone is to blame for being irresponsible, it is Tess' parents. Tess is always doing work her parents should be doing because her parents are too lazy and Tess feels responsible for supporting the family. The night before Tess leaves, her parents go off to a bar while Tess is left at home to take care of the family and the chores. Another tragedy in the life of Tess Durbeyfield is her pregnancy by Alec. At first, one may think it is all her fault for getting pregnant, but if one takes a closer look at the situation Tess was really in, it is quite obvious that she was, once again, a victim of misfortune. Tess' mother never educates her about some of the essential facts of life and Tess does not know what most men are like. In addition, Tess' selfish mother wants her to marry Alec so that Durbeyfield family can be financially well off. She isn't thinking about the best interests of Tess. The death of Tess' baby is a huge tragedy. There is no way Tess is at fault for this tragedy. She does everything that any loving mother would do for her baby and more. It is very tragic when Angel decides he doesn't want to be with Tess any more. Angel, not Tess, is to blame for this catastrophe in the life of Tess. Tess forgives Angel for deliberately having an affair. However, Angel is unable to completely forgive Tess for being taken advantage of by Alec. If Angel, who is the greater sinner of the two, really loves Tess, he would not leave her. Tess can not be blamed for going back to Alec. It is the logical decision to make because she, basically, has no choice and has not heard from Angel for a very long time. When Tess kills Alec, it obviously is not by accident. Tess seems like the only person to blame for the murder because she is the one who stabs Alec. It is true that some blame should be placed on Tess for the murder, but this was not completely her fault. She is not a cold-blooded killer. She has lived a miserable life full of sorrow and tragedy. When she learns that Alec is not her cousin and that he was wrong for making Tess believe that Angel would never come, she takes out all her anger and frustration in an impulsive crime of passion. Tess is wrong for doing this, but she does not deserve to be hanged. In conclusion, Tess Durbeyfield is indeed a pure woman who just happens to be extremely unlucky either by coincidence or by fate. Book Reports

The eNotes Blog Spring Survival Tips for the ACTs andSATs

Spring Survival Tips for the ACTs andSATs High school students, its that time of year again Exam time! Oh joy of joys. To assist you in this hour of need, weve got a few tips to help you out on the ACT and SAT exams that are fast approaching, along with some important dates and deadlines to help you stay on track. Have a question regarding either exam? Post it in a comment and well answer it for you ASAP! SATs Important Dates: If youve already registered for the next test, its just around the corner on May 7th. If you havent yet taken the test this Spring, you should register for the June 1st test date by May 7th. Head to collegeboard.org  to register online asap. Study Materials:  The College Board site is a veritable treasure trove of helpful links. Nobody should go into the exam without becoming very familiar with itand that includes much more than taking the PSAT in your junior year. One extremely useful page is the SAT Study Plan  area. This is your homepage from where you can navigate practice tests and questions, as well as tips on various sections of the test. Whats even better is that it is completely customizable; those of you who have never taken the test before will see different content than those who have taken the SATs at least once. Plus, for those in the latter category, theres even a page where you can get even more personalized feedback based on your PSAT scores. You can check that page out here. Of course, purchasing a physical study book is always a bright idea. The upside of the College Board SAT support site, though, is that it has all the helpful strategies, tips, and practice tests youll find in a book, with the added benefit of being free and only a click away. Maximize your time by receiving the SAT Question of the Day by emailyoull be studying every day without even realizing it. Finally, heres one really helpful study material you might not have heard about SAT Vocabulary Novels. If you struggle with the SAT Vocab section, as most students do, the absolute best way to expand your vocabulary is by reading. Seeing words in their context is infinitely more helpful than memorizing definitions on flashcards. It also ensures that you remember those words for far longer. The SAT Vocabulary Novel series contains books of all genres, all geared towards teens. Take Rave New World, for example, a futuristic dystopian novel about love and addiction. These books intersperse the most popular SAT words throughout, then highlight them with definitions at the bottom of the page. Really useful stuff to get you familiar with that intimidating SAT lexicon, and way more riveting than the dictionary. Insider Tips: I used to tutor juniors and seniors for SAT and ACT prep, and in each student the greatest (and fastest) progress I saw was in the Writing section of both tests. In the SATs this consists of the question sections Improving Sentences, Improving Paragraphs, and Identifying Sentence Errors, as well as the 25-minute essay portion of the exam. If youre cramming before the next test and want to see improvements quickly, my best advice to you is to take a crash course in grammar and punctuation. Many English grammar rules are never properly addressed in school; your teachers may encourage you to use the semi-colon to appear smarter, but never actually instruct the rules of using it properly (semi-colon intended!). Find out the rules of subject-verb agreement,   parenthetical clauses, independent vs. subordinate clauses, comma usage  and other marks of punctuation, pronouns, and especially  subjective vs. objective pronouns  (in other words knowing when to use who and w hom). Study up on the basic mechanics of writing and I promise youll see a huge improvement in all sections of the SAT Writing test. Click on the hyperlinks to OWL Purdue for more info on each rule, then follow-up with specific questions for your English teacher. Having somebody guide you through these grammar rules will make them so much easier to understand. Unfortunately, grammar is largely left out of the high school rubric, so a little extra effort is required on your part here. ACTs Important Dates: The next available testing date is June 8th. Registration must be purchased by May 3rd. To register, head to actstudent.org. Study Materials:  Like for the SAT, the ACT official website provides test prep support and practice tests. You can access these resources from the ACT test prep page, here. Since the site is less engaging than the SATs, though, I recommend that you purchase an ACT prep bookI used this one when I tutored my students (its the official one put out by the ACT company). However, similar strategies do apply for both the SAT and ACTs Writing and Math sections, which means that some SAT test practice in those areas will still benefit you greatly. Compared to the SAT, the ACT is a little more straightforward in its questions, in my opinion, which is probably why it has grown so much in popularity in recent years. Many students find that they score higher on this test than on the SAT (though its a good idea to take both tests and compare your scores to play up to your greatest strengths). One prominent difference that sets the ACT apart is its Reading section. Rather than containing many short paragraphs, it consists of four articles in four different subjects: Social Studies, Natural Sciences, Prose Fiction, and Humanities. The varying subjects exist to test your abilities in gathering information and making inferences depending on the content at hand; for some this can be more difficult when reading fiction, for others the sciences are more intimidating. It all depends on what kind of learner you areor so you might presume In fact, the test questions in each category are all the same: you have to make inferences, identify vocabulary in context, understand the main idea of the passage, and so on. The best way to come to this realization is to practice the Reading test as many times as you can, which means that finding a study guide with numerous practice sections is imperative. Not only will this make you more comfortable with the multi-subject style of the Reading p ortion, but it will also help you figure out the time strategy that works best for you. Insider Tips:  Yes, the ACT contains a Science section. No, you do NOT have to be a Science wiz to score well on it. Case in point: I, recipient of an English Lit degree and longtime scaredy-cat of anything Chemistry or Physics-related, was able to teach it. And before you fear for the poor souls under my tuition let me tell you this: by the end of the course, all of them excelled in the ACT Science section. Ill let you in on the secret Do NOT study Science to prepare for this test. This means dont brush up on your periodic table, dont familiarize yourself with Newtons laws, dont memorize conversion formulas or read everything available about the Higgs Boson particle in the hopes that it will make it onto the test, just DONT. Someone with an 8th-grade understanding of Science can still do well on this test section, as long as the student recognizes that this is a test of your skills of comprehension. You will be given some data representation (simple graphs and charts), research summaries, and conflicting viewpoints of various experiments and studies, then asked 40 questions total. These questions will test your ability to form conclusions based on the evidence in front of you. Sometimes these experiment summaries (ones in the conflicting viewpoints category) are based on completely fictional Science, which means that many times the most scientific task you will be presented with will be to look at a line graph. No Higgs Boson particles here. Though on the surface this portion of the exam may seem more intimidating than the Reading section, the evidence is actually presented in a much clearer, more easily navigable format. If you can overcome your initial fears of Science, this section will be a walk in the park for you. To familiarize yourself more with the Science test, check out this helpful video from ACT Inc below: And there you have it, the most important tips and deadlines youll need to know ahead of your next standardized test. Got any questions for a former SAT/ACT tutor? Ask in a comment and Ill get you an answer. Good luck! PSfor some guidance on the exam portion of the tests, check out these helpful answers from expert educators in our Essay Lab topic: How can I best organize my essay? What are some tips for writing a high-scoring essay on the ACT? On the SAT?

Contributions of Civil rights Movement in post-world war America to Essay

Contributions of Civil rights Movement in post-world war America to the Political and Social Development of the United States - Essay Example The paper tells that following the civil war, the thirteenth amendment eradicated slavery and the blacks gained their freedom. The freed blacks were mostly illiterate and were property or money bereft. In the south where there was slavery predominance, inequality and racism were rampant. The state and federal governments facilitated many democratic reforms in the 1860s and 1870s to support black assimilation into the white people. The 14th amendment guaranteed the blacks equal rights which were federally protected. The 15th amendment provided approval rights for every black man to vote. Throughout the construction era, new found rights were short lived. The southern whites employed various means to bar the blacks from enjoying any citizenship benefits. They kept the blacks totally disenfranchised through intimidation and harassment. A Cold War rose up in America as the World War II came to an end. Momentous changes in America pertinent to nationalization emerged. The changes enhanced support for an emergent Civil Rights Movement that chiefly aimed at doing away with southern segregation rules and overturning the 1896 ramifications of the Plessy vs. Ferguson case at the Supreme Court. Both the congress and the court in 1954 affirmed what individuals like Martin Luther King were preaching to both white Americans and the black. The black Americans had courageously served in the Second World War which was celebrated for its outstanding contributions even though segregation still continued in the armed forces. While the black Americans were roughly 10% of the whole population, they were approximately 11% of all registered in the military service. American Civil rights were strongly aided by the augmentation of Liberal Democrats in the northern part of America that were firmly in desegregation support (Cashman 82). On the other hand, Republicans were moving towards the southern part where segregation took the fore front. The â€Å"I have a Dream† words of Mart in Luther King Junior at the nation’s capital were probed up by the civil rights words. In collaboration with other black activists, they were main partakers in the Civil Rights Movement. In the first place, this movement was to abolish slavery and weighty intimidations and harassments of the black. Segregation in the communal schools was not constitutional. Earl Warren the chief justice presented the separate but equal decision by the court was a violation of the Africa American’s rights. An incident that attracted the public eye was unfolded in Montgomery where there was segregation of the black Africans at the buses. The blacks were to reserve seats for the whites whenever the whites have filled the front seats. This law was defied by Park who was a black and was later arrested. The black community responded to the arrest by a one day boycott of the public buses of Montgomery. A lead massive movement organized by preacher Martin King Luther Jr., NAACP and other Afri can leaders challenged the racist laws of Montgomery. The boycotts went on for more than one year despite harassment and taunting from the white community. The federal courts then intervened by desegregating the buses on 21st December the year 1956. As the pace quickened, the blacks made an effort to attentively pass an Act of Civil Rights that would enforce other rights including voting rights. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee i.e. SNCC was formed by the black

Health Care Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Health Care - Assignment Example This has been attributed by the increase in the number of generic drugs that cost far much less than the original drugs. Besides, the diagnostic costs through insurance schemes have proven to be more expensive in contrary to paying directly from the pocket (Hicks &Jacobs, 2014). Despite the presence of an oversight physicians as one of the healthcare regulatory authority in the United States healthcare management, it has been noted with great concern that not much is being done in trying to regulate or control the influx and dispensation of drugs to the citizens. The state government should implement regulations to eliminate license on physicians perceived to be indulged in the production of generic drugs. Besides, there are no prescribed policies governing the conduct of pharmaceutical malpractices and this has given room for best sales of generic drugs than branded drugs. Moreover, there are no enforceable contracts that give clarifications on the best possible measure necessary in curbing medical practices reforms (Hicks &Jacobs, 2014). ... From the research, possible sources are also pointing a shaft decrease in supply of FDA drugs through a consistent variation as from the year 1996 to 2010. Another observation made indicates that in every five drugs, only one would be found to be branded. This is because generic drugs are known to sell at cheaper price whereas the possible content is almost of the same quality or it may have very little difference. There is projection that, if this trend continues for the next few years then there would be a very deep decline from branded medicine to the stakeholders’ payers’ model (Prelovs?ek & Hajna, 2011). Due to the presence and the pricing cost of generic drugs, pharmaceutical industries would be far much affected in terms of future revenues leading to a decline in job markets and sales. Moreover, some pharmaceutical companies that are engaged in sale of branded medicines would find it very difficult to generate enough returns while sale representative would shift opportunities to dealing in generic drugs that would otherwise generate quick returns (Prelovs?ek & Hajna, 2011). Comparing the pricing of drugs in United States and Canada According to the U.S health care reforms report of 2012, it has been realized that the United State of charges very high prices on prescription drugs as compared to any other developed state in the world. Even though the manufacturing cost of medicines seems to be low in The United States, the escalating cost in pricing are attributed during the development process. Most of the pharmaceutical companies see this rising cost in pricing to have been characterized by a lot of money being spent in

Operartional management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operartional management - Essay Example The case of restaurant managed by Ms Nok Si Leon shows that she is full of innovative and quality improvements ideas, thus some of them will not work in the airport setting. To present a total point of view, critics shall consider channels from the manufacturers' perspective, emphasizing their selection rather than the description of their components. Just the same, it should not be assumed that channels are always selected or devised on a rational basis. Many channels just grow and become habitual and institutionalized. In the future they must be planned more effectively because marketing tasks (which are shaped by technological changes, sociological and psychological factors, new product development, automation, and dynamic global markets) are becoming more complex (Naylor 2002). The proposed two shelf lines will help Nok to meet customers' expectations and different tastes. It should be evident that differences exist between the organization and management of a channel as compared with that of an independent unit. Authority does not flow directly through each of the units from the top down. Resources are owned and allocated by a number of units. Objectives and expectations of units vary; and although interdependence of interests exists, there are also conflicts. The ideal relationship as seen by each member may shackle other members. In such instances, negotiation, bargaining, and requests for cooperation as well as power become tools of coordination. Following Cohen and Roussel (2004) equilibrium in a channel depends on the development of mutually satisfying marketing relationships and roles among manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers. The tie that binds and coordinates channel activity is the community of interest and independence that these groups share. Often the relationship is one in which the manufacturer is the primary organization and other channel members are secondary (Naylor 2002). The most ineffective strategy is to divide the restaurant into two areas and "move" it divided line when necessary. It will create a lot of problems for staff and visitors. Basically, restaurants have three channel policy courses available to them -- intensive, limited, or exclusive distribution. Intensive or broad distribution gives maximum exposure; these are convenience items where easy and ready access is important. The problem they pose of widespread market penetration often requires wholesalers. Limited menus permits a choice of dealers more ready to cooperate with a manufacturer and promote his line. This approach permits the concentration of effort on selected outlets, and requires careful planning. Nok should rely on high quality but limited number of food proposed to customers (Naylor 2002). For Nok, channel selection has great bearing on a company's financial requirements and market capability and vice versa. Given the total range of services supplied by a channel (the wholesaler, for example), companies are able to distribute to broader market areas and to expand their production capabilities. As distribution channels change, so do corporate financial requirements and resource positions. Manufacturers may establish a sequential plan for distribution based on their own development. For instance, a small manufacturer with a limited product line, limited finances, and geographically dispersed markets may use the full services of a wholesaler. As the manufacturer grows in financial

Chronic Non-communicable Diseases (CNCD)

Chronic Non-communicable Diseases (CNCD) Chronic Non-communicable Diseases(CNCD) Non-communicable diseases are chronic conditions that do not result from an acute infectious process, which known to be an instant progress, however, they lead to death, physical dysfunction, or impairment in the quality of life. In addition to that, chronic condition develop over relatively long period at first without causing sign and symptoms, but after while the diseases manifestations develop over time, there may be a period of protracted impaired health condition. Commonly, non-communicable diseases are considered to have characteristic of non-transmissible from person to person by contact or any other form of transmissions. Also chronic non-communicable diseases are the leading cause of death globally, killing more people each year than all other causes combined. Thus, Chronic non-communicable diseases are vastly becoming the international core of health issue and awareness toward them is instantly put into identifying solutions to the problem globally. According to WHO, the f our main types of non-communicable diseases are cardiovascular diseases mainly heart attacks and stroke, followed by cancers, chronic respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructed pulmonary disease and asthma, and lastly diabetes. This paper describes a framework, based on an ecological model, for addressing the major risk factors that contribute to chronic non-communicable diseases. Moreover, constructing ways to avoid and modify getting contact with chronic non-communicable diseases. CNCD prevention and control interventions will be incorporated into the healthy settings approach from the government to the individual level will lessen the overall critical CNCD globally. In addressing risk factors in each different sector from the ecological model can lessen the chances of getting Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases. The ecological model is categorized in decreasing ecological size order; start with public policy, flowed by community group, institutional group, interpersonal group, and individual level. Each group of ecological model will play a key role to preventions and appropriate intervention on CNCD. To begin with, the action of public policy on development of a system to establish targets, designate responsibility, and conduct performance management will gain success in prevention and intervention. Specifically, the developments of policy has focus on all areas on overall objectives and take priorities into account in order to develop local prevention and treatment plan in every annual period. Thus, it requires careful research on policies and measures that will facilitate the achievement of the goals, and effectively solve the problems and difficulties in CNCD prevention and treatment. Followed by, put into place policy guarantees, personnel staffing, capital investment, supervision and incentives will strengthen social mobilization. Moreover, make efforts to form a prevention and treatment synergic effect among the government and the society. For preferences of improvement, policies shall be introduced to enhance the quality of the environment, by increasing supported coverage area such as fitness facilities to build a healthy environment, to promote balanced diet, regular exercise, as well as tobacco free and alcohol consumption control area, result in avoidance of major risk factors of CNCD. Secondly, working in addressing from the community group such as organizations, community leaders, citizens will enhance the avoidance of risk factors affecting the populations. The ministry of health plays a key role in this coverage, revising existing and develop new guidelines, manuals and training modules for all of the activities showing the interaction between the ecological models of institutional and community group. In addition to that the departments of science and technology, industry and information technology, agriculture, protection of environment, commerce, radio film and television, press and publication, food and drug administration, etc. shall closely cooperate in accordance with their functions as well as perform their set obligations and accomplish their responsibilities. The essential job of communities, schools, worksites and healthcare sites can support and promote healthy behaviors through policies and environmental factors such as smoke-free workplaces, healt hy cafeteria meals, sidewalks bike paths, incentives for bicycle and pedestrian commuters, worksite wellness programs, insurance coverage for preventive services like tobacco cessation. In addition to that, strengthening of the School Health programs to include a component involving the family and community, in both health education and health-promoting activities such as increasing and enhancing physical education program, stimulate extracurricular physical activity time to time, provision of healthy food at schools, sensitively conducts inspections to unhealthy food at schools, and school-based CNCD risk factor screening and intervention. Thirdly, interpersonal group plays a role in early prevention and intervention of the major risk factors that contribute to the CNCD health problems. Group of family, friends, and social networks plays a role in addressing the critical case and helps out to avoid the preventable diseases. For example, Training of teachers and members of Parents-Teachers Association to raise awareness of the issue of increasing obesity and other CNCD risk factors in children under the school health program, highlighting the CNCD risk factors in particularly obesity and healthy diet. Also, providing lectures on prevention and management of childhood obesity will be another choice, whereas healthy eating physical activity exercise includes additional training for implementation of school-based programs for CNCD managing risk factors. On top of that, ministry of health, part of institution group is responsible for producing the necessary guidelines, manuals and training modules also seeing interconnecte d relationship within ecological model. As the result bring on progressive in training community members especially in healthy eating, physical activity and exercise, also avoiding risk factors that contributes to CNCD within interpersonally. Lastly, in solving the way improving factors such as knowledge, attitudes and skills of individual level can bring extra contributions to lessen the severity of global critic of death due to the major risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. Take on self-care responsibilities and become a resource for themselves and others in disease prevention and management will be further expanded. NCD prevention and control interventions will be incorporated into the healthy settings approach; this will include expanding the school health services to include nutrition and exercise promotion, cardiovascular risk and early intervention. To be informative, critical attribution resulted unhealthy lifestyle or modifiable behaviors like tobacco use, sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, however, the most effective models of eliminating risk factors focus on changing individual behaviors start from itself.

The SOHO Project :: essays research papers

The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory or SOHO for short is a cooperative joint effort by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the U. S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The main mission of this project is to study the internal structure of the Sun, its extensive upper atmosphere, as well as to determine the origin and characteristics of the solar wind. The SOHO spacecraft was launched on December 2, 1995 where then it was directed to go about 930,000 miles sunward from the Earth to the L1 or the Lagrangian point. This â€Å"Lagrangian† point is a place between the Sun and the Earth where the gravity pulls of both masses stabilize the spacecraft enough to achieve a state of gravitational equilibrium between the two masses. At this point, the spacecraft then established its own â€Å"halo-like† orbit in space but continued to also orbit about the Sun in the same orbital path as the Earth. Once SOHO’s â€Å"halo-like† orbit was established, the spacecraft was then ready to open its payload bay doors and begin its probing of the Sun with its wide array of scientific instruments. All instruments aboard the SOHO spacecraft fall under one of the following headings based on what area of the Sun it is suppose to observe and measure: the solar interior, the solar atmosphere, or the solar wind. The solar interior instruments such as GOLF (Global Oscillations at Low Frequencies) and VIRGO (Variability of Solar Irradiance and Gravity Oscillations) both perform oscillation measurements of the full solar disk which obtains information concerning the solar nucleus. In addition, the instruments that measure the solar atmosphere such as the CDS (Coronal Diagnostics Spectrometer) and UVCS (Ultraviolet Coronograph Spectrometer) observe both the inner and outer corona. They obtain measurements of temperature, density, composition, and velocity in the corona with high resolution. Finally, the instruments that analyze and measure the solar wind include ERNE (Energetic and Relativistic Nuclei and Electron experiment) and CELIAS (Charge, Element, and Isotope Analysis System) whi ch measure the charge state and isotopic composition of ions in the solar wind. These two instruments also determine the charge and isotopic composition of energetic particles generated by the Sun. The sensitive instruments aboard the SOHO spacecraft have already helped scientists here on Earth discover and explain some of the mysteries of the Sun as well as to confirm some of their theories they previously held. For example, in May of 1998 with the help of the Michelson Doppler Interferometer scientists were able to see with greater clarity the giant convective cells inside and on the surface of the Sun.

Portrait and a Dream Essay

Abstract expressionists, James Pollock created an abstract full of symbolically hidden messages, called The Portrait and a Dream, 1953.   First impressions that are given off by this painting sends messages of confusion, anger, hopeless dreams, perhaps the inner thought and feelings of the artists when he made the abstract. The art work portrays someone who furiously scribbled many lines across the canvas in no controlled manner, working from hostile and angry emotions. If music was made to match this painting, it would not be smooth jazz or classical, but like rap with an angry fast techno beat producing violence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When considering the title of the painting, and looking at the line arrangements, Pollock was telling a story about his frustrations over empty dreams. Dull, plain off color canvas is chosen as the background for this art. To the right is a very black and Halloween orange colored head, perhaps an indication of what is going on in his mind as he was painting; or it could be a resemblance of him in his sleep at night. The main theme or point behind this painting appears to send messages to let someone know this person is upset. Many artists write songs, create paintings, choreograph dances to get certain points to someone who has made them upset. Pollock seems to be sending an underlying message to one person, a person who somehow blocked him from his achievements, even though many people are fascinated with this abstract. To the center gearing to the right, is an eye that can be of human form. The rest of the face takes on the identity of an animal, perhaps a wild cat. The selected mixture of autumn colors with hidden images of a cat peaking through to the audience implies this painting applies to Halloween, or fall season. The overall shape of the Halloween colored ball or head has a few stray extensions leading away from the ball. The head is looking toward the mass of confusion, on the left side of the painting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the left side, is many scribbled black lines, portraying confusion, or despair. The black fills in some of the empty spaces overseeing the left side of the portrait. Most of the painting is hollowed or emptied, just lines zigzagging and crossing one another. A couple of potential faces are drawn into the scrambled lines. One of the faces centers the overall portrait, another is found at the bottom right side.   The face centering the portrait has clenched teeth, the eyes resemble anger. The potential face at the bottom right very much looks like a skeleton with cross bones, the national symbol for poison or danger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Looking at the overall view of this painting, the round colored object on the right of the painting is smaller than the confused lines on the left side of the painting. The drawing portion of the art fills up most of the space, dividing into two separate forms, lays against a solid background. The circular object on the right side resembling his own head, revealing the inner secretive contents looking out at the painting resembling confusion, indicates that his confusion, despair and hopelessness is , perhaps to much for him to bear. The interpretations of this painting can be limitless. However, anyone can look at this painting, instantly recognize this painting is not conveying a pleasant, peaceful or calm tonality.   Lack of bright contrasting colors may portray images or ideas that are the total opposite of confusion. Someone else may interpret the hidden meanings of the abstract portrait as lots of energy, or hyperactivity, unable to sit still or even a pleasant excitement.

The Limitations in Greek Citizenship and Democracy essays

The Limitations in Greek Citizenship and Democracy essays According to most present-day historians that focus on the political and social realms of ancient Greece, the implementation of the concept of citizenship as the basis for the city-state (polis) and the extension of citizen status to all free-born members of the community is most closely related to the Athenians who desired to form a free society in the ancient world with democracy as its foundation. In Athens, citizenship carried certain legal rights, such as access to courts to resolve disputes, protection against enslavement by kidnapping and participation in the religious and cultural life of the polis. It also implied participation in politics, although the degree of participation open to the poorest men varied among different city-states. The ability to hold office, for example, could be limited in some cases to owners of a certain amount of property or wealth. But most importantly, citizen status distinguished free men and women from slaves and foreigners; thus, even the poor had a distinction that set themselves apart from these groups that were not given There were also other limitations in regard to Athenian citizenship, for the incompleteness of the equality that under laid the political structure of the polis was most prominent as to status of citizen women who generally had an identity, social status and local rights that were denied slaves and foreigners. Citizen women had access to courts in disputes over property and other legal matters, but they could not represent themselves and had to have men speak for their interests, a requirement that reveals their inequality under the law. in contrast, all male citizens, regardless 2 eventually entitled to attend, speak in, and cast a vote in the communal assemblies in which policy decisions for the polis were made and drafte ...

What Happened To Commercial Farm Workers After The Famous Land Reform (Land Grab) Programme In Zimbabwe The WritePass Journal

What Happened To Commercial Farm Workers After The Famous Land Reform (Land Grab) Programme In Zimbabwe a. Statement of purpose What Happened To Commercial Farm Workers After The Famous Land Reform (Land Grab) Programme In Zimbabwe Introduction a. Statement of purpose Overview summary Background and context of the Study Significance of the Problem Research Questions Hypothesis Scope / Limitations Research Methodology Structure of the Project ConclusionsBibliographyRelated Introduction a. Statement of purpose The goal of this study is to explore the different ways through which the land redistribution programme in Zimbabwe affected commercial farm workers in the country. The study will examine the assumptions that farm workers were better off prior to the land redistribution programme in the country. The study is expected to analyse whether the land redistribution affected the farm workers negatively or not. It is important to note that the land redistribution programme had been expected decades prior to implementation. Considering the fact that the majority of farm land was owned and controlled by a few white farmers, redistribution was necessary in order to promote social justice (UNDP, 2002). The study will explore the various ways through which the land redistribution programme ought to have been carried out. Overview summary The first chapter of this study will present the problem to be addressed in a general introduction. Chapter two shall explore material that has been previously published on the subject by other authors. This literature review shall provide necessary background information that will enable readers to have a better understanding about what the study is all about. This will include the political history of land distribution in Zimbabwe and how farmland ended up in the hands of a white minority. Chapter three shall be the methodology, which will outline the methods through which this study shall be carried out. Chapter four shall report the findings of the study and then a conclusion shall be drawn in chapter five. Chapter five shall also include recommendations and the implications of the outcomes of the study. Background and context of the Study Historically, the land problem in Zimbabwe can be traced back to the colonial era when European colonialists and businessmen settled in Zimbabwe and began cultivating the fertile lands in the country (Chan, 2003). Long after Zimbabwe gained its independence from Britain, white farmers who had settled in the country remained there and continued cultivating the fertile soil in the country (Mutangi, 2010). Zimbabwe’s political elite in the ZANU PF party began addressing the issue. This sensitive issue attracted widespread local and international interest. When the land redistribution programme began, many black Zimbabweans welcomed it with a sigh of relief. Commercial farm workers were unaware of the fact that the land redistribution programme might cost them their jobs. The land redistribution programme resulted in massive unemployment of commercial farm workers. After the land redistribution programme was officially closed, many farm workers lost their jobs (FCTZ, 2002). Some of the new owners who took over the farms lacked adequate finances or/and expertise to manage a commercial farm. About eighty-five percent (85%) of the farms that were surveyed in a study conducted by the Farm Community Trust of Zimbabwe (FCTZ) found out that there had been a drastic drop in productivity (FCTZ, 2002b). In a particular region of the country named Mashonaland West, FCTZ found that out of thirty farms sampled in the study, up to ninety percent (90%) of the farms had been taken over by the government (FCTZ, 2002). More than sixty percent (60%) of the 30 farms that were analysed had completely shut down (FCTZ, 2002). This implies that productivity at these farms had dropped to zero, and all the farm workers had lost their jobs. Although many commercial farm workers lost their jobs as a result of the redistribution programme, a historical background clearly outlines the context of this study and reveals that land distribution in Zimbabwe was unfair (Buckle, 2001). The land redistribution programme was designed to render justice to the black population that had been cheated for years. Meanwhile the land redistribution failure has been widely criticised, many politicians believe that the problem could have been tackled differently. The land reforms programme had disastrous consequences on the general Zimbabwean economy, which is dependent on agriculture as one of its major sources of foreign revenue and employment. By the time the land redistribution programme was officially completed in 2002, more than fifty percent (50%) of commercial farm workers had lost their jobs as a result of the land reforms   (Mutangi, 2010). At the end of the land redistribution programme, many of the farms were unable to achieve the same output as they had done in the past. This resulted in shortage of food, inflation and a surge in unemployment figures of commercial farm workers (FCTZ, 2002b). This affected not just the agricultural sector, but the entire economy considering the fact that agriculture is a major sector in the country. Significance of the Problem Scoones et al (2010) believe that the land redistribution programme received widespread stereotypical coverage. Although the programme did not achieve resounding success, the western media also politicised the subject. It is important to note that just about 6.7% of the commercial farm workers were offered land in the programme. Although there are varying figures on the number of farm workers who lost their jobs, the Commercial Farmers Union (CFU) of Zimbabwe estimates that about 200,000 commercial farm workers lost their jobs (CFU, 2003). After the redistribution programme was complete in 2002, many commercial farm workers lost access to vital social services such as basic health care, housing and other minor privileges which they had enjoyed before (Chan, 2003). The new farm owners had a different perspective on the importance of welfare services to workers. Although workers were guaranteed accommodation by the new farm owners, the quality of accommodation varied from farm to farm (Kibble Vanlerberghe, 2000). Under the new farm owners, workers who were still in service suffered from housing insecurity. When some workers tried to resist eviction, this resulted in disputes and clashes between the new farm owners and the workers (Buckle, 2001). By mid 2002, up to 900,000 individuals, including women and children were victims of the evictions (Chitiyo, 2002). Many of these displaced farm workers travelled to urban centres to look for other means of survival. In the last quarter of the year 2002, up to ninety percent (90%) of commercial farm workers who had left their jobs moved to other areas of the country. Some of them were lucky enough to pick up unskilled jobs in the city (UNDP, 2002).   Some of them will go any lengths to cross over into South Africa, where they got a hostile reception from the local population there. This study is important because it looks at a phenomenon that affected close to a million people considering the number of farmers and their relatives that were displaced from their settlements. It is equally important because it looks at a subject that fuelled pol itical unrest and resulted in double digit inflation figures for Zimbabwe. After the land redistribution programme, Zimbabwe recorded a drastic cut in its GNP. Rationale for the Research Project This study will explore the weaknesses of the land redistribution programme in Zimbabwe. It will identify the weaknesses of the programme and then propose better ways through which things could have been done to avoid the negative impact the programme left on the lives of farmers. Although many studies have been carried out in different academic disciplines on the land redistribution programme in Zimbabwe, many of these studies have focused on the causes and impact of the programme. They mostly look at how the land redistribution programme affected farmers, farm workers, the economy, politics and society of Zimbabwe. Few studies have focused on alternative ways through which the land redistribution programme could have been implemented in order to avoid the chaos it brought into the life of the farmers and the economy at large. Research Questions In order to ensure that the study stays focused on its main objective, which includes the impact of the land redistribution programme on commercial farm workers, this study shall be guided by a set of research questions outlined below. At every phase of the study, the researcher will ensure that was ever is done is seeking to find answers to one or more of the following research questions:- i.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What has happened to farm workers that were removed from farms? ii.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What has become of their standard of living? iii.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How has this affected the education and upbringing of their children? iv.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How could the farming industry have benefitted from using the skills of the disposed farm workers? v.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Why did the land reform programme fail? Hypothesis At the end of this study, the hypothesis shall either be confirmed or refuted based on the data gathered from this study. The hypothesis for this study includes the following:- a.)Commercial farm workers suffered as a result of the fact that the land redistribution programme was poorly planned an implemented. b.) Alternative ways of handling the injustices brought about by the inequitable distribution of land between blacks and white farmers would have brought justice without hurting farmers, farm workers and the economy. c.)The land redistribution programme was more of a political than a social problem that was why it backfired. Scope / Limitations This is an area that has been widely researched as it is of interests to many scholars from different disciplines. The proposed project will take the form of a research study that will be done using secondary research. This implies that it will look at information already gathered to express and clarify the points. This makes the task relatively easier for this study. The study also spans from the colonial period, when the land distribution patterns in Zimbabwe began in modern times, to the pre redistribution period. It also covers the post land redistribution era during which farmers began feeling the impact of the land redistribution process. I chose secondary sources as it is relatively easy to obtain yet it will answer the questions I need to answer in the research project leaving me enough scope to be able to consult different sources of information and to expand where I feel the is a gap. I am aware that some of the disadvantages of using secondary research include the fact that the information may not be complete as it relates to the researcher’s specific interest and I intend to address this by putting on additional information to ensure that my research is complete. One of the limitations of this study includes the fact that the study is about a controversial issue that has been politicised. As such, some of the data that has been previously published on the subject is characterised by the political bias of many of these authors. For instance, many of the publications authored by white farmers’ movements such as CFU, stress the damage caused by the land redistribution programme on the economy. Meanwhile many black authors stress the fact that land redistribution was characterised by historical injustices. In this light, it is challenging to distinguish between facts and the authors’ personal biases. Research Methodology This is qualitative study that will rely on secondary sources such as text books, journals and online sources for data collection. This is a topic that has been covered by many other researchers, making it relatively easier for the research to collect data. The study shall make use of qualitative methods to analyse the data collected for this study. Structure of the Project This study shall be structured into five chapters. Each of the chapters will address a particular aspect of the study. It shall be structured as listed below:- Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 – Literature Review Chapter 3 – Methodology Chapter 3 – Results and Interpretations Chapter 5 – Conclusions Conclusions The study shall conclude by summarising the entire research project. The conclusion shall only be based on information gathered from the study. Based on these conclusions, recommendations shall be made. These recommendations shall outline the various ways through which the land redistribution ought to have been carried out. It shall also identify the mistakes made by the Mugabe regime.   Bibliography Buckle, C (2001) African Tears: Zimbabwe Land Invasions, Johannesburg: Covos Day CFU (2003) The Current Status of Commercial Agriculture in Zimbabwe, Harare Chan, S (2003) Robert Mugabe: A Life of Power and Violence, London: IB Taurus Chitiyo, K (2002) Harvest of Tongues: Zimbabwe’s ‘Third Chimurenga’ and the Making of an Agrarian Revolution, Mimeo FCTZ (2002) Concession Informal Settlement: Mazowe District, Mashonaland Central, Harare FCTZ (2002b) The Situation of Commercial Farm Workers after Land Reform in Zimbabwe 91 Kibble, S and P Vanlerberghe (2000) Land, Power and Poverty: Farm Workers and the Crisis in Zimbabwe, London: CIIR Mutangi G.T. (2010)   Livelihoods after Land Reform in Zimbabwe Working Paper 13 The Changing Patterns of Farm Labour after the Fast Track Land Reform Programme: The Case of Guruve District. Livelihoods After Land Reform Programme Sachikonye, L. M (2003) The Situation of Commercial Farm Workers after Land Reform in Zimbabwe A report prepared for the Farm Community Trust of Zimbabwe Scoones I., Marongwe N., Mavedzenge B., Mahenehene J., Murimbarimba F., Sukume C.(2010) Zimbabwe’s Land Reform – Myths and Realities. Weaver Press UNDP (2002) Zimbabwe Land Reform and Resettlement: Assessment and Suggested Framework for the Future, Interim Mission Report, Harare

Case project analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Case project analysis - Assignment Example There were used two different project delivery methods: design -build system for Springfield Interchange Improvement Project (SIIP) and design-bid-build system for the Guri Dam Project. For both projects there were used scope statements as tools of project planning process. However, the extent of the project scope statements varied substantially and depended on the number of details and relevant elements related to the project. Implementation stage of both projects was controlled and monitored. However, in contrast to SIIP project, the Guri Dam project was closely monitored by the Edelca Company. For the Guri Dam project there were introduced severe economical penalties for breach of the project/contract terms. Based on the review and analysis of the project management practices, applied in the SIIP and the Guri Dam projects, it is possible to state that the Guri Dam Project performed better than the SIIP project across all four practices: project selection, project delivery system, project planning, and project control. Springfield Interchange Improvement Project is a case study of one of the transportation megaprojects. It is a project of the interchange reconstruction, situated in fifteen miles south of Washington, D.C. on the intersection of the Capital Beltway and Highways 1-95 and 1-395. The project was mainly initiated because of the safety risks and danger imposed to all road users, especially motorists (Kwak et al., 2002). Reconstruction of this Interchange had vital importance to a variety of stakeholders, including: local entrepreneurs and businessmen, commercial carriers, and local residents. The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) began project management work on this project. The project has been divided into 8 key stages. While the general scope of the project was defined in a right way, there were some obvious problems with cost estimate calculation of the project. Thus, for example, the cost estimate was $US 220

How to View Quality Theory from a Contingency Perspective Essay

How to View Quality Theory from a Contingency Perspective - Essay Example This does not mean that the work process should get routinized. Rather, enough flexibility has to be maintained, in order to meet all kinds of future changes and contingencies. In the modern dynamic business world this is far from being true. Hence there is the need is to develop a contingency approach to the quality management theories. The contingency perspective of quality management states that there can be no single management theory which can be used as a solution in all organizations under every circumstance. Hence all the elements of management, that is planning, organizing, staffing and directing needs to be suited to the requirements of the organization. The various factors upon which such decision making depends, include various environmental factors as well as several internal contingencies. (Stahl, 1999, p 78) The experts believe that the quality management is made up of two aspects namely, quality control and quality learning. Whereas control refers to the use of the quality improvement theories in an organization, learning refers to the use of the same in a contingency perspective. These two elements are also influenced by various moderators like the organizational structure and the environmental uncertainty, which in turn affects the overall performance. The managers need to have an effective balance between these two conflicting goals in the organization, so as to effectively deal with the situational uncertainties of the business. Thus it can be said that the successful working of an organization is dependent on the adaptability of its internal change processes to its external environment and to the contingencies occurring due to the nature of its business. (Giaever, 1998) A question can be asked in this regard, whether the Quality in itself is contingent or not. (Beckford, 2003, p. 151). There may be two dimensions of this question. The first one is the quality, which is determined by measuring the output of the organization.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 11

Assignment - Essay Example ng bewildered, a middle-aged woman in black corporate attire suddenly laughed and exclaimed that she forgot her access pass at home after going to a vacation leave with her friends at church. In a matter of seconds, she was already chatting with me as she most probably gleaned that I was the insecure first-timer who was supposed to show up that day. Even from the start of our meeting, I already noticed that she had a very pleasant personality and she was very sociable in her own way. This account manager, or â€Å"relationship manager† as our division terms it, eventually became one of my good mentors. For me, she was a good mentor not just because she was friendly and approachable, but rather because she didn’t judge other people, including me, by how they merely look. After that incident, I’ve met different kinds of people in our company, with different ages, occupations, and income. And I was certain that though other people may seem different, we should never be indifferent in our relationships with them. Everyday that I went to work, I was never sure what my mentors would ask me to work on or what they would have me do. Was I going to sit all day long in meetings with clients and bosses, or perhaps scan complete documents, or maybe create project IDs and service requests then endorse them to other employees? How should I act when I’m in front of clients, or bosses, or when I ask other employees in my division for help in operating the systems of my division? I really wasn’t sure. But with everyday passing as a trainee, I figured precisely how to answer all of these questions. Aside from all the technicalities of the business, to be courteous, to be considerate, and to be polite were all part of our company’s corporate culture. As our mentor in human resources helped me understand, working in a firm is, like being a music lover or an urban dweller, a lifestyle preference. Most employees in our company, if not all, were sure to stay with the company

Business Task 1 on individual report Essay Example for Free

Business Task 1 on individual report Essay Despite its future economic prospects, the United Arab Emirates continues to suffer from corporate governance issues. The development of corporate governance in the region has largely been influenced by religion (Gellis et al., 2002). The rules governing the practice of corporate governance have been significantly influenced by Islamic Sharia. This reflects the cultural and religious characteristic of the region (Islam and Hussain, 2003). Islamic Sharia specifies a number of core values such as trust, integrity, honesty and justice which are similar to the core values of corporate governance codes in the West. However, a survey of corporate governance in a number of Gulf countries such as United Arab Emirates suggests that the region continues to suffer from corporate governance weaknesses. 2.0 Reasons for the structure including use of suitable evidence and data                  The structure of the above sectors and reasons for the structure and effects on the performance of firms has been vital subject of debate in the finance literature. Empirical evidence suggests that privately held firms tend to be more efficient and more profitable than publicly held firms. This shows that ownership structure matters. The question now is how does it affect firm performance and why this kind of structure? This question is significant since it is based on a research agenda that has been strongly promoted by La Porta et al.                  According to these studies, failure of the legislative framework to provide sufficient protection for external investors, entrepreneurs and founding investors of a company tend will maintain large positions in their firms thus resulting in a concentrated ownership structure. This finding is interesting because it implies that ownership structure can affect the performance of the firm in one way or the other. It is indisputable; the lack of regulations in corporate governance gives managers who intend to mishandle the flow of cash for their own personal interest a low control level. The empirical results from the past studies of impacts of ownership structure on performance of corporate have been inconclusive and mixed up.               In response to corporate governance issues and their impact on corporate performance, Shleifer and Vishny (1997); and Jensen (2000) have suggested the need for improved corporate governance structures so as to enhance transparency, accountability and responsibility.                  Corporate governance reform and the introduction of innovative methods to limit abuse of power by top management have been justified by recent large scale accounting and corporate failures such as Enron, HealthSouth, Tyco International, Adelphia, Global Crossing, WorldCom, Cendant and the recent global financial crisis.                   According to Monks and Minow (1996) numerous corporate failures suggest that existing corporate governance structures are not working effectively. Corporate failures and accounting scandals initially appear to a U.S phenomenon, resulting from excessive greed by investors, overheated equity markets, and a winner-take-all mind-set of the U.S society. However, the last decade has shown that irregularities in accounting, managerial greed, abuse of power, are global phenomenon that cannot be limited to the U.S. Many non-U.S firms such as Parallax, Adecco, TV Azteca, Hollinger, Royal Dutch Shell, Vivendi, China Aviation, Barings Bank, etc. have witnessed failures in corporate governance and other forms of corporate mishaps.            In addition to corporate governance failures, global standards have declined significantly and unethical and questionable practices have become widely accepted. The net impact has been a reduction in the amount of faith that investors and shareholders have in the efficiency of capital markets. There is no universally accepted corporate governance model that the interest of shareholders and investors are adequately protected as well as ensuring that enough shareholder wealth is being created (Donaldson and Davis, 2001; Huse, 1995; Frentrop, 2003).               Much of the debate on corporate governance has focused on understanding whether the Board of Directors has enough power to ensure that top management is making the right decision. The traditional corporate governance framework often ignores the unique effect that the owners of the firm can have on the board and thus the firm’s top management. The traditional framework therefore ignores that fact that the owners of the firm can influence the board and thus top management to act of make particular decisions. Corporate governance studies are therefore yet to identify and deal with the complexities that are inherent in corporate governance processes.             Investment choices and owner preferences are affected among other things by the extent their degree of risk aversion. Owners who have economic relations with the firm will be interested in protecting their interests even if it is reasonably evident that such protection will result in poor performance. According to Thomsen and Pedersen (1997) banks that play a dual role as owners and lenders would discourage high risk projects with great profit potential because such projects may hinder the firm from meeting its financial obligations if the project fails to realize its expected cash flows. The government also plays a dual role in that it serves as both an owner and a regulator. Therefore owners who play a dual role in the firm often face a trade-off between promoting the creation of shareholder value and meeting their other specific objectives (Hill and Jones, 1992).                  Existing corporate governance frameworks have often ignored these issues in UAE. Rather, much of the emphasis has been on the effectiveness of the board in ensuring that top management is working towards meeting the goals of shareholders. Present corporate governance frameworks lack the ability to monitor owners and their influence on top management. The framework lacks the ability to align the role played by firm owners, board of directors and managers’ interests and actions with the creation of shareholder value and welfare motivation of stakeholders. Discussion of the possible future structure of the industry                     The United Arabs Emirates, and mainly Abu Dhabi, is enduring to increase its economy by reducing the total proportion impact of hydrocarbons to Gross Domestic Product. This is currently being done by growing investment in sector areas like: services in telecommunication, education, media, healthcare, tourism, aviation, metals, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, transportation and trade.                   Significant investments have been made by United Arab Emirates to establish itself as a regional trade hub. United Arab Emirates is also member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). In addition, there are ongoing negotiations to establish free trade agreements with other regions and countries such as the EU. These factors will contribute positively to the regions integration into the global economy. United Arab Emirates is currently working towards diversifying their economies from the oil sector into other sectors. This diversification is expected not only to increase trade among member countries but also to increase the regions trade with other countries and regions (Sturm et al., 2008). How the structure affects strategy decisions                     Ownership structure has an impact on firm performance in United Arab Emirates energy production owned sector. This region has witnessed significant economic growth over the last few decades. The region is also facing turbulent times with respect to corporate governance practices, resulting in poor firm performance. Corporate governance issues are not limited to the United Arabs Emirates as part of GCC Countries. From a global point of view, corporate governance has witnessed significant transformations over the last decade (Gomez and Korine, 2005). As a result, there has been an interest in the research attention accorded to corporate governance. The credibility of current corporate governance structures has come under scrutiny owing to recent corporate failures and low corporate performance across the world.                   The risk aversion of the firm can be directly affected by the ownership structure in place. Agency problems occur as a result of divergence in interests between principals (owners) and agents (managers) (Leech and Leahy, 1991). The board of directors is thereby regarded as an intermediary between managers and owners. The board of directors plays four important roles in the firm. These include monitoring, stewardship, monitoring and reporting. The board of directors monitors and controls the discretion of top management. The board of directors influences managerial discretion in two ways: internal influences which are imposed by the board and external influences which relate to the role played by the market in monitoring and sanctioning managers.                                       B: Contribution of the sector to the economy of your chosen country                         Analysis of contribution of sector                  United Arab Emirates remain major global economic player because it has the highest oil reserves. UAE together with the other Gulf Cooperation Council accounts for over 40% of global oil reserves and remains important in supplying the global economy with oil in future. As a result, investment spending on oil exploration and development of new oil fields is on the rise.                   Global oil demand is currently on the rise. This growth is driven mainly by emerging market economies, as well as the oil producing UAE as part of GCC countries. In addition, Europe and the U.S are witnessing depletions in their oil reserves. This means that these regions will become increasingly dependent on the Gulf region which includes UAE for the supply of oil (Sturm et al., 2008). The importance of the United Arabs Emirates as a global economic player is therefore expected to increase dramatically in the near future Use of appropriate data and other evidence                By the year 2011, the GDP of United Arab Emirates totaled to 360.2 billion dollars. Subsequently in 2001, yearly growth of GNP varied from about 7.4% to 30.7%. As part of the chief crude oil suppliers, the United Arab Emirates was at first cut off from the universal recession by high prices on oil that rose to a record 147 US dollars per barrel in the month of July in 2008. Nevertheless, the nation was ultimately influenced by the excavating worldwide recession which resulted to a decline in oil demand, reducing the oil prices to a reduced amount not exceeding a third of the peak of July 2008. In the last 2008 months, the trembles rumbling through global economies were lastly experienced in this section. Oil (million barrels) Proved reserves, 2013 Total oil supply (thousand bbl/d), 2012 Total petroleum consumption, 2012 Reserves-to-production ratio 97,800 3,213 618 95 Natural Gas (billion cubic feet) Proved reserves, 2013 Dry natural gas production, 2012 Dry natural gas consumption, 2012 Reserves-to-production ratio 215,025 1,854 2,235 116 UAE summary energy statistics C: Critical appraisal of sustainability targets on business plan of your chosen organisation                   Oil firms in United Arab Emirates is still quite immature. Most businesses are controlled by a few shareholders and family ownership is prevalent. Most large and small businesses are family businesses (Saidi, 2004). The state is also significantly involved in the management of companies (Union of Arab Banks, 2003).                     This is contrary to the status quo in Western democracies where firms are owned by a diverse group of shareholders which makes ownership to be completely separated from control. The ownership structure in United Arab Emirates suggests that stewardship and monitoring aspects of non-executive directors (NEDs) is absent in firms based in United Arab Emirates. Ownership concentration has remained high in the region because of practices such as rights issues which enable existing wealthy shareholders, and influential families to subscribe to new shares in Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) (Musa, 2002).                   According to a study of the corporate governance practices of five countries by the Union of Arab Banks (2003), ownership of corporations is concentrated in the hands of families. In addition, corporate boards are dominated by controlling shareholders, their relatives and friends (Union of Arab Banks, 2003). There is a no clear separation between control and ownership. Decision making is dominated by shareholders. The number of independent directors in the board is very small and the functions of the CEO and Chairman are carried out by the same person. The high concentration in firm ownership therefore undermines the principles of good corporate governance that are prevalent in western settings (Yasin and Shehab, 2004). This evidence is consistent with findings by the World Bank (2003) in an investigation of corporate governance practices in the Middle East North Africa (MENA) region which also includes the Gulf region. 1.0 Objective of empirical evidence                   The empirical evidence on the impact of ownership structure on firm performance is mixed. Different studies have made use of different samples to arrive at different, contradictory and sometimes difficult to compare conclusions. The literature suggests that there are two main ownership structures in firm including dispersed ownership and concentrated ownership. With respect to concentrated ownership, most of the empirical evidence suggests that concentrated ownership negatively affects performance (e.g., Johnson et al., 2000; Gugler and Weigand, 2003; Grosfeld, 2006; Holmstrom and Tirole, 1993). Different studies have also focused on how specifically concentrated ownership structures affect firm performance. For example, with respect to government ownership, Jefferson (1998), Stiglitz (1996), and Sun et al. (2002) provide theoretical arguments that government ownership is likely to positively affect firm performance because government ownership can facil itate the resolution of issues regarding the ambiguous property rights.                   However, Xu and Wang (1999) and Sun and Tong (2003) provide empirical evidence that government ownership has a negative impact on firm performance. On the contrary, Sun et al. (2002) provide empirical evidence that government ownership has a positive impact on firm performance. It has also been argued that the relationship between government ownership and firm performance is non-linear. Another commonly investigated ownership type and its impact on firm performance is family ownership. Anderson and Reeb (2003), Villanonga and Amit (2006), Maury (2006), Barontini and Caprio (2006), and Pindado et al. (2008) suggest that there is a positive link between family ownership and firm performance. Despite the positive impact some studies argue that the impact of family ownership is negative (e.g. DeAngelo and DeAngelo, 2000; Fan and Wong, 2002; Schulze et al., 2001; Demsetz, 1983; Fama and Jensen, 1983; Shleifer and Vishny, 1997).                     The impact of foreign ownership has also been investigated. Most of the evidence suggests that foreign ownership has a positive impact on firm performance (e.g., Arnold and Javorcik, 2005; Petkova, 2008; Girma, 2005; Girma and Georg, 2006; Girma et al., 2007; Chari et al., 2011; Mattes, 2008).With respect to managerial ownership, it has been argued that the relationship is likely to be positive. Despite this suggestion Demsetz and Lehn (1985) observe a negative relationship between dispersed ownership and firm performance. Institutional ownership has also been found to have a positive impact on firm performance (e.g. McConnell and Servaes, 1990; Han and Suk, 1998; Tsai and Gu, 2007). Furthermore, some studies suggest that there is no link between insider ownership and performance.                  Very limited studies have been conducted on the impact of ownership structure on firm performance in GCC countries like UAE. For example, Arouri et al. (2013) provide evidence that bank performance is affected by family ownership, foreign ownership and institutional ownership and that there is no significant impact of government ownership on bank performance. Zeitun and Al-Kawari (2012) observe a significant positive impact of government ownership on firm performance in the Gulf region.                The pervasive endogeneity of ownership has been cited as a potential reason why it is difficult to disentangle the relationship between ownership structure and firm performance. In addition, the relation may be a function of the type of firm as well as the period of observation in the life of the firm. This study is motivated by the mixed results obtained in previous studies and the limited number of studies that have focused on UAE as part of GCC countries. The objective of the study is to explore in more details the factors that motivate particular types of ownership structure and the potential impact of ownership structure and firm performance in the Gulf region 2.0 Empirical Evidence                  The empirical evidence will focus on how different ownership structures affect firm performance. Firms are often characterized by concentrated and dispersed ownership. Concentrated ownership is expected to have a positive impact on firm performance owning to the increased monitoring that it provides.                Dispersed ownership has been found to be less frequent than expected. Empirical evidence suggests that most firms are characterized by various forms of ownership concentration. Given this high level of ownership concentration, there has been an increasing concern over the protection of the rights of non-controlling shareholders (Johnson et al., 2000; Gugler and Weigand, 2003). Empirical evidence shows that ownership concentration at best results in poor performance. Concentrated ownership is costly and has the potential of promoting the exploitation of non-controlling shareholders by controlling shareholders (Grosfeld, 2006). Holmstrom and Tirole (1993) argue that concentrated ownership can contribute to poor liquidity, which can in turn negatively affect performance. In addition, high ownership concentration limits the ability of the firm to diversify (Demsetz and Lehn, 1985; Admati et al., 1994). There are various forms of concentrated ownership such as gov ernment ownership, family ownership, managerial ownership, institutional ownership and foreign ownership. In the next section, the literature review will focus on how these separate ownership structures affect firm performance. 2.1.1 Government Ownership                     The impact of government ownership on firm performance has attracted the attention of many researchers because the government accounts for the largest proportion of shares of listed companies in some countries and also because government ownership can be used as an instrument of intervention by the government (Kang and Kim, 2012). Shleifer and Vishny (1997) suggest that government ownership can contribute to poor firm performance because Government Owned enterprises often face political pressure for excessive employment. In addition, it is often difficult to monitor managers of government owned enterprises and there is often a lack of interest in carrying out business process reengineering (Shleifer and Vishny, 1996; Kang and Kim, 2012). Contrary to Shleifer and Vishny (1997) some economists have argued that government ownership can improve firm performance in less developed and emerging economies in particular. This is because government ownership c an facilitate the resolution of issues with respect to ambiguous property rights.                   The empirical evidence on the impact of state ownership on firm performance is mixed. For example, Xu and Wang (1999) provide evidence of a negative relationship between state ownership and firm performance based on data for Chinese listed firms over the period 1993-1995. The study, however, fails to find any link between the market-to-book ratio and state ownership (Xu and Wang, 1999). Sun and Tong (2003) employ ownership data from 1994 to 2000 and compares legal person ownership with government ownership. The study provides evidence that government ownership negatively affects firm performance while legal person ownership positively affects firm performance. This conclusion is based on the market-to-book ratio as the measure of firm performance.                   However, using return on sales or gross earnings as the measure of firm performance, the study provides evidence that government ownership has no effect on firm performance. Sun et al. (2002) provide contrary evidence from above. Using data over the period 1994-1997, Sun et al. (2002) provide evidence that both legal person ownership and government ownership had a positive effect on firm performance. They explain their results by suggesting that legal person ownership is another form of government ownership. The above studies treat the relationship between government ownership and firm performance as linear. However it has been argued that the relationship is not linear.                  Huang and Xiao (2012) provide evidence that government ownership has a negative net effect on performance in transition economies. La Porta et al. (2002) provide evidence across 92 countries that government ownership of banks contributes negatively to bank performance. The evidence is consistent with Dinc (2005) and Brown and Dinc (2005) who investigate government ownership banks in the U.S. 2.1.2 Family Ownership                  Family ownership is very common in oil firms in UAE. There is a difference between family ownership and other types of shareholders in that family owners tend to be more interested in the long-term survival of the firm than other types of shareholders(Arosa et al., 2010).. Furthermore, family owners tend to be more concerned about the firms reputation of the firm than other shareholders (Arosa et al., 2010). This is because damage to the firms reputation can also result in damage the familys reputation. Many studies have investigated the relationship between family ownership and firm performance. They provide evidence of a positive relationship between family ownership and firm performance (e.g. Anderson and Reeb, 2003; Villalonga and Amit, 2006; Maury, 2006; Barontini and Caprio, 2006; Pindado et al., 2008).                   The positive relationship between family ownership and firm performance can be attributed to a number of factors. For example, Arosa et al. (2010) suggests that family firms long-term goals indicate that this category of firms desire investing over long horizons than other shareholders. In addition, because there is a significant relationship between the wealth of the family and the value of the family firm, family owners tend to have greater incentives to monitor managers (agents) than other shareholders (Anderson and Reeb, 2003). Furthermore, family owners would be more interested in offering incentives to managers that will make them loyal to the firm.                     In addition, there is a substantial long-term presence of families in family firms with strong intentions to preserve the name of the family. These family members are therefore more likely to forego short-term financial rewards so as to enable future generations take over the business and protect the familys reputation (Wang, 2006). In addition, family ownership has positive economic consequences on the business. There are strong control structures that can motivate family members to communicate effectively with other shareholders and creditors using higher quality financial reporting with the resulting effect being a reduction in the cost of financing the business.                Furthermore, families are interested in the long-term survival of the firm and family, which reduces the opportunistic behavior of family members with regard to the distribution of earnings and allocation of management,.                   Despite the positive impact of family ownership on firm performance, it has been argued that family ownership promotes high ownership concentration, which in turn creates corporate governance problems. In addition, high ownership concentration results in other types of costs. As earlier mentioned, La Porta et al. (1999) and Vollalonga and Amit (2006) argue that controlling shareholders are likely to undertake activities that will give them gain unfair advantage over non-controlling shareholders. For example, family firms may be unwilling to pay dividends .                  Another reason why family ownership can have a negative impact on firm performance is that controlling family shareholders can easily favour their own interests at the expense of non-controlling shareholders by running the company as a family employment service. Under such circumstances, management positions will be limited to family members and extraordinary dividends will be paid to family shareholders. Agency costs may arise because of dividend payments and management entrenchment. Families may also have their own interests and concerns that may not be in line with the concerns and interests of other investor groups.                Schulze et al. (2001) provide a discussion, which suggests that the impact of family ownership on firm performance can be a function of the generation. For example, noting that agency costs often arise as a result of the separation of ownership from control, they argue that first generation family firms tend to have limited agency problems because the management and supervision decisions are made by the same individual. As such agency costs are reduced because the separation of ownership and control has been completely eliminated. Given that there is no separation of ownership and control in the first generation family firm, the firm relationship between family ownership and performance is likely to be positive (Miller and Le-Breton-Miller, 2006). As the firm enters second and third generations, the family property becomes shared by an increasingly large number of family members with diverse interests. The moment conflict of interests sets in the relationship between family ownership and performance turns negative in accordance to. Furthermore, agency problems arise from family relations because family members with control over the firm’s resources are more likely to be generous to their children and other relatives.                To summarize, the relationship between family ownership and firm performance may be non-linear. This means that the relationship is likely to be positive and negative at the same time. To support this contention, a number of studies have observed a non-linear relationship between family ownership and firm performance (e.g. Anderson and Reeb, 2003; Maury, 2006). This means that when ownership is less concentrated, family ownership is likely to have a positive impact on firm performance. As the family ownership concentration increases, minority shareholders tend to be exploited by family owners and thus the impact of family ownership on firm performance tends negative.                  Small countries have a relatively weak diamond of competitive advantages. D. Analysis 1.0 Potter’s Diamond Model                  The competitive forces advantages or analysis ought to be fixed on the main competition factors and its impact analysis on the business (Porter 1998, p.142). The state, and home wealth cannot be inherited -3554730607695Faktorski uvjeti 00Faktorski uvjeti -27546301293495Vezane i podrÃ… ¾avajuće industrije 00Vezane i podrÃ… ¾avajuće industrije -332041536195Ã…  ansa 00Ã…  ansa – it ought to be produced (Porter 1998, p.155). This wealth is influenced by the ability of industry to continually upgrade and innovate itself, and this is achievable exclusively by increase means in production – in all parts of fiscal action. The model of Porter concerns aspect which circuitously or openly affects advantage of competition. The aspect structure a place where given manufacturing sector like in this case, oil sector, state or region a learn and act on the way of competing in that environment. Left0 -3686175215392000Each diamond (oil) and the field of diamond (oil) as the whole structure consists of main influences that makes the oil sector competition to be successive. These influences entail: every ability and resource vital for competitive advantage of the sector; data forming the opportunity and providing the response to how accessible abilities and resources ought to be ruled; each interest group aim; and the is most crucial, oil sector pressure to innovating and investing. Swot analysis Strengths The oil sector has many years producing oil and so is well established. Comparatively lots of sub-sectors for industrialist stability and support. Weaknesses Comparatively out of date scientific foundation. Inadequate well educated professionals and residents in comparison to the new industry needs. Lesser costs of work cost in oil sector due to low salary from regular salaries in UAE. Opportunities                  The likelihood for resources application of EU agreement funds, as is the state resources Reasonably good quality of 11 % graduate students share that are likely to be absorbed into this oil sector. Contribution in motivational and investment projects that help in developing the economy of UAE every time. Threats Expansion of oil production capacity of economies of South-Eastern that have competed with low prices of products and little costs of production. Loan jobs and production globalisation. Reinforcement of local competition of adjacent economies, and thus reinforcing actions that attract direct overseas exploitation of the oil sector in UAE through investments. References Admati, A., Pfleiderer, P., and Zechner, J. (1994), Large shareholder activism, risk sharing and financial market equilibrium. Journal of Political Economy, 102: 1097-1130. AL ARUSI, A. S. et al. (2009) Determinants of Financial and Environmental Disclosures through the Internet by Malaysian Companies. Asian Review of Accounting, 17(1), pp. 59-76. Anderson, C.R., Mansi, A.S., Reeb, M.D. (2003). Founding family ownership and the agency cost of debt. Journal of Financial Economics, 68, 263–285. Anderson, C.R. Reeb, M.D. (2003). Founding-family ownership and firm performance: evidence from the SP500. The Journal of Finance, LVIII (3), 1301–1328. Arnold, J., Javorcik, B.S. (2005). Gifted Kids or Pushy Parents? Foreign Acquisitions and Firm Performance in Indonesia, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3597. Arosa, B., Iturralde, T., Maseda, A. (2010) Ownership structure and firm performance in non-listed firms: Evidence from Spain, Journal of Family Business Strategy, 1, 88–96 Arouri, H., Hossain, M., Muttakin, M.B. (2013) The effect of Board and Ownership structure on Corporate Performance: Evidence from GCC Countries. Badrinath, S.G., Gay, G.D. Kale, J.R. (1989), Patterns of Institutional Investment, Prudence, and the Managerial Safety-Net Hypothesis, The Journal of risk and insurance, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 605. Barnea, A., Haugen, R.A. Senbet, L.W. (1981), Market Imperfections, Agency Problems, and Capital Structure: A Review, Financial Management (pre-1986) LA English, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 7. Barontini, R. Caprio, L. (2006). The effect of family control on firm value and performance: Evidence from continental Europe. European Financial Management, 12(5), 689–723. Black, J., Hashimzade, N., and Myles, G. (2013) â€Å"Adverse Selection† in A Dictionary of Economics (4 ed.) Oxford Reference Online: Oxford University Press. Brown, C., Dinà §, S., 2005. The politics of bank failures: evidence from emerging markets. Quart. J. Econ. 120, 1413–1444 CHAPRA, M. U. and Ahmed, H. (2002). Corporate governance in Islamic financial institutions. Islamic Research and Training Institute, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Chari, A., Chen, W., Dominguez, K. M. E. (2011). Foreign Ownership and Firm Performance: Emerging Market Acquisitions in the United States, University of North Carolina. Chen, C. R., Guo, W., Mande, V. (2003) Managerial Ownership and firm valuation: EVidence from Japanese firms. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal 11(3): 267-283. Chrisman, J., Chua, J., Sharma, P. (2005). Trends and directions in the development of a strategic management theory of the family firm. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29, 555–575. Davies J. R., Hiller, D., McColgan, P. (2005). Ownership structure, managerial behaviour and corporate vale. Journal of Corporate Finance 11(4), 645-660. DeAngelo, H. DeAngelo, L. (2000). Controlling stockholders and the disciplinary role of corporate payout policy: A study of the Times Mirror Company. Journal of Financial Economics, 56(2), 153–207. Delios, A. Wu, Z.J. (2005). Legal person ownership, diversification strategy and firm profitability in China. Journal of Management and Governance, 9(2), 151–169. Demsetz, H. (1983). The structure of ownership and the theory of the firm. Journal of Law and Economics, 26(2), 375–390. Demsetz, H. Lehn, K. (1985), The Structure of Corporate Ownership: Causes and Consequences, The Journal of Political Economy, vol. 93, no. 6, pp. 1155-1177 Dinà §, S., 2005. Politicians and banks: political inï ¬â€šuences on government-owned banks in emerging Markets. J. Finan. Econ. 77, 453–479. Donaldson, L., Davis, J.H. (2001). Board Structure, Board Processes and Board Performance: A Review and Research Agenda. Journal of Comparative International Management. Drobetz, W., A. Schillhofer, and H. Zimmermann (2005). Corporate governance and expected stock returns: Evidence from Germany. European Financial Management 10, 267–293. Eckbo, B.E. Smith, D.C. (1998), The Conditional Performance of Insider Trades, The Journal of Finance, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 467. EISENHARDT, K. M. (1989) Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review. Academy of Management Review, 14, pp. 57–74. Fama, E.F. Jensen, M.C. (1983). Separation of ownership and control. Journal of Law and Economics, 26(2), 301–325. Fan, J.P.H. Wong, T.J. (2002). Corporate ownership structure and the informativeness of accounting earnings in East Asia. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 33, 401–425. FORKER, J. J. (1992) Corporate Governance and Disclosure Quality. Accounting and Business Research, 22(86), pp. 111-124. Francis, J., Schipper, K., Vincent, L. (2005). Earnings and dividend informativeness when cash flow rights are separated from voting rights. Journal of accounting and economics, 39, 329–360. Frentrop, P (2003). On the discretionary power of top executives. Journal of Asset Management, 5:2, 91-104. Gartrell, C. D. and Gartrell, J. W. (1996). ‘Positivism in sociological practice: 1967-1990’. Canadian Review of Sociology, Vol. 33 No. 2. Girma, S. (2005). Technology transfer from acquisition FDI and the absortive capacity of domestic firms: An empirical investigation. Open Economics Review 16, 175-187.Girma, S. Georg, H. (2006) Evaluating Foreign Ownership Wage Premium Using a Difference-in-Difference Matching approach, Journal of International Economics, 72, 97-112 Girma, S., Kneller, R., Osiu, M. (2007) Do exporters have anything to learn from foreign multinationals? European Economics Review, 51, 981-998. Gomez, P.Y. Korine, H. (2005). Democracy and the Evolution of Corporate Governance. Corporate Governance, 13, 739-752. Grosfeld, I. (2006) Ownership concentration and firm performance: Evidence from an emerging market, Paris-Jourdan Sciences Economiques, Working Paper No.: 2006 – 18. Gross, K. (2007) Equity Ownership and Performance: An Empirical Study of German Traded Companies, Springer: Physica-Verlag. Gugler, K. and Weigand, J. (2003), Is ownership really endogenous? Applied Economics Letters 10: 483-486. Han, K.C. Suk, D.Y. (1998), The Effect of Ownership Structure on Firm Performance: Additional Evidence, Review of Financial Economics, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 143. Hand, J.R.M. (1990), A Test of the Extended Functional Fixation Hypothesis, The Accounting Review, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 740. Hartzell, J.C. Starks, L.T. (2003), Institutional Investors and Executive Compensation, The Journal of Finance, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 2351. Hill, C. W. L. and T. M. Jones. 1992. Stakeholder-agency theory. Journal of Management Studies 29: 131-154. Himmelberg, C.P., Hubbard, R.G. Palia, D. (1999), Understanding the determinants of managerial ownership and the link between ownership and performance, Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 353-384 Holmstrom, B., and Tirole, J. (1993), Market liquidity and performance monitoring. Journal of Political Economy 51, pp.678-709. HO, S. S. M. and WONG, K. S. (2001) A Study of the Relationship between Corporate Governance Structures and the Extent of Voluntary Disclosure. Journal of InternationalAccounting, Auditing and Taxation, 10, pp 139-156. Hubbard, R.G. Palia, D. (1996), Benefits of control, managerial ownership, and the stock returns of acquiring firms, The Rand Journal of Economics, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 782. Huang, L.., Xiao, S. (2012),  How does government ownership affect firm performance? A simple model of privatization in transition economies, 116 (3): 480–482. Huse, M (1995), Stakeholder management and the avoidance of corporate control. Journal of Management Studies, 29: 131-154. Jefferson, G.H. (1998). Chinas state enterprises: public goods, externalities, and Coase. American Economic Review, 88(2), 428–432. Jensen, M.C. (2000). A theory of the firm. Governance, residual claims and organizational forms, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Jensen, M.C. Meckling, W. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behaviour, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305–360. Johnson, S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., and Shleife, R. A. (2000), Tunnelling. American Economic Review 90 (2): 22-27 (May). Kang, Y. Kim, B. (2012) Ownership structure and firm performance: Evidence from the Chinese corporate reform, China Economic Review, 23, 471–481 La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A. (1999). Corporate ownership around the world. The Journal of Finance, 54(2), 471–517. La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., Vishny, R. (1998) Law and finance, The Journal of Political Economy vol. 106no. 6, pp. 1113-1155. La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., Vishny, R. (2000) Agency problems and dividend policies around the world, Journal of Finance, vol.55 no.1, pp.1-33. La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A.A., 2002. Government ownership of banks. Journal of Finance 57, 265–302 Law, J. (2009) â€Å"Moral Hazard† in A Dictionary of Business and Management (5ed.), Oxford Reference Online: Oxford University Press. Leech, D. Leahy, J. (1991) Ownership structure, control type classifications and the performance of large British companies, Economic Journal, no. 101pp. 1418-1437. Maher, M., Andersson, T. (1999) Corporate Governance: Effects On Firm Performance And Economic Growth, Organisation For Economic Co-Operation And Development (OECD). Mattes, A. (2008). The Impact of Foreign Ownership on the Performance of German Multinational Firms, MicroDyn Summer School. Maury, B. (2006). Family ownership and firm performance: Empirical evidence from Western European corporations. Journal of Corporate Finance, 12(2), 321–341. McConnell, J.J. Servaes, H. (1990), Additional evidence on equity ownership and corporate value, Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 595. Miller, D. Le-Breton-Miller, I. (2006). Family governance and firm performance: Agency, stewardship, and capabilities. Family Business Review, 19(1), 73–87. Miller, D., Le Breton-Miller, I., Lester, R.H., Cannella, A.A. (2007). Are family firm’s really superior performers? Journal of Corporate Finance, 13(5), 829–858. Moles, P., Terry, N. (2012) â€Å"Adverse Selection† in The Handbook of International Financial Terms, Oxford Reference Online: Oxford University Press. Monks, R.A.G. Minow, N. (1996), Watching the Watchers, Blackwell, Cambridge, MA. Morck, R., Shleifer, A. Vishny, R.W. (1988), Management Ownership and Market Valuation: An empirical analysis, Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 293. Myers, S.C. (1977), Determinants of Corporate Borrowing, Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 147. Pedersen, T. and Thomsen, S. (1997) Industry and Ownership Structure. European Journal of Law and Economics. Petkova, N. (2008). Does Foreign Ownership Lead to Higher Firm Productivity? mimeo. Pindado, J., Requejo, I., de la Torre, C. (2008). Ownership concentration and firm value: Evidence from Western European family firms. 8th annual IFERA conference. Porter, M.E. (1992), Capital Choices: Changing The Way America Invests In Industry, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 4. Pound, J. (1988), The Information Effects Of Takeover Bids and Resistance, Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 207. Saravia J.A. Chen, J.J. (2008). The Theory of Corporate Governance: A Transaction Cost Economics Firm Lifecycle Approach, School of Management, University of Surrey. Schulze, W.S., Lubatkin, M.H., Dino, R.N., Buchholtz, A.K. (2001). Agency relation- ship in family firms: Theory and evidence. Organization Science, 12(9), 99–116. Sharma, P., Hoy, F., Astrachan, J.H., Koiranen, M. (2007). The practice-driven evolution of family business education. Journal of Business Research, 60,1012–1021. Shleifer, A. Vishny, R.W. (1997). A survey of corporate governance. The Journal of Finance, 52(1), 737–783. Short, H., Keasey, K., Duxbury, D. (2002), Capital Structure, Management Ownership and Large External Shareholders: A UK Analysis, International Journal of the Economics of Business, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 375. Sorenson, S. (2002) How to Write Research Papers, NY: Peterson’s. Stiglitz, J. (1996). Whither Socialism? Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. Stulz, R.M. (1988), Managerial Control of Voting Rights: Financing Policies and the Market for Corporate Control, Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 20, no. 1,2, pp. 25. Sturm, M., Strasky, J., Adolf, P., Peschel, D. (2008) The Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: Economic structures, Recent Development and Role in the Global, Economy, European Central Bank, Occasional Series Papers, No. 92. Sun, Q. Tong, W.H.S. (2003). China share issue privatization: the extent of its success. Journal of Financial Economics, 70, 183–222. Sun, Q., Tong, J., Tong, W.H.S. (2002). How does government ownership affect firm performance? Evidence from Chinas privatization experience. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 29(1). Taylor, W. (1990), Can Big Owners Make a Big Difference?, Harvard business review, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 70. Tian, L. Estrin, S. (2005). Retained state shareholding in Chinese PLCs: does government ownership reduce corporate value? IZA discussion paper. Tsai, H. Gu, Z. (2007), Institutional Ownership and Firm Performance: Empirical Evidence from U.S.-Based Publicly traded restaurant firms, Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 19. Villalonga, B. Amit, R. (2006). How do family ownership, control and management affect firm value? Journal of Financial Economics, 80(2), 385–418. Wahal, S. (1996), Pension Fund Activism and Firm Performance, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 1. Wang, D. (2006), Founding family ownership and earnings quality. Journal of Accounting Research, 44(3), 619–656. Weber, J., Lavelle, L., Lowry, T., Zellner, W., Barrett, A. (2003). Family Inc.. Business Week, 3857, 100–110. Williamson, O. (1988). Corporate Finance and Corporate Governance. Journal of Finance 43 (3): 567-591. Williamson, O. (1996). The Mechanisms of Governance. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. Williamson, O.E. (1963), Managerial Discretion and Business Behavior, The American Economic Review, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 1032. Williamson, O.E. (1991), Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives, Administrative Science Quarterly LA English, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 219. Xu, X. Wang, Y. (1999). Ownership structure and corporate governance in Chinese stock companies. China Economic Review, 10, 75–98. YEH, Y. H. et al. (2001) Family Control and Corporate Governance: Evidence from Taiwan. International Review of Finance, 2(1/2), pp. 21-48. Zeitun, R. Al-Kawari, D. (2012) Government Ownership, Business Risk, Financial Leverage and Corporate Performance: Evidence from GCC Countries, Corporate Ownership and Control, vol. 9 (3). Source document